第二節 分詞
分詞是動詞的又一種非謂語形式，主要分為現在分詞（ing為詞尾）和過去分詞（主要以ed結尾），他們在句中可作定語、狀語或表語。
由于作表語的分詞往往被視為形容詞的用法，其用法比較簡單，這里只著重介紹前兩種用法如：
exciting news (激動人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩),
promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯),
broken bottle（破碎的瓶子）
考點一 現在分詞
現在分詞和過去分詞的主要區別在于：現在分詞表主動意義；過去分詞表被動意義。
現在分詞較過去分詞形式靈活，除部分能接賓語之外，可有被動形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 當然being done和having been done也可理解成過去分詞變形為進行式
1. 現在分詞作定語
現在分詞常接在名詞之后作定語，經常可與定語從句替換
如：the man sitting behind me, 相當于：the man who is sitting behind me
the kids running about in the garden, 相當于：
the kids who are running about in the garden
單個的分詞作定語可放在被修飾詞之前，如：the sleeping baby, a running nose
改錯題中若出現名詞之后直接接動詞，且之間是主謂關系，但不是句子主謂語，此處必定有錯，可改為現在分詞作定語
例題：
(1)
The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
應改為：boiling.
解釋：沸點的英文表達應該是boiling point. 類似的表達如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的狀態, 如boiled water意為白開水, 即已沸騰過的水
(2)
The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
(A) representing
(B) represented
(C) are represented
(D) they are representing
答案：A
解釋：空格前是句子的主謂成分，空格處需要marks的定語，C, D可先排除；B是被動式，無法接賓語numbers; 因此A正確，是現在分詞作定語
2. 現在分詞作狀語
分詞還可在句中作狀語，可放在句首、句中或句尾。現在分詞作狀語時，通常都表示主語正在進行的動作/伴隨動作或者表示原因。
1．現在分詞短語可以作時間狀語，相當于when, while, as soon as等所引導的從句
如：Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying.
= When he heard the news, he couldn’t help crying.
2．現在分詞短語也可以表示原因，代替由since, as等所引導的從句
如：Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
=Since she didn’t know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.
=As we were so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.
3．如果分詞表示的動作發生在主句動作之前，那么此時分詞就需要用完成形式
如：Having finished the work, she went to the park.
=After she had finished the work, she went to the park.
特別注意：分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致
如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.
此句是一個錯誤的句子, 因為根據分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致的原則, seeing的邏輯主語也應該是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 應改為Seen from the mountain.
例題：
(1)
Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing.
(A) to save the seeds
(B) saving the seeds
(C) which saves the seeds
(D) the seeds saved
答案：B
解釋：thereby一詞習慣上接現在分詞作句子的結果狀語，只有B符合要求
