四級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精解

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目的測(cè)試特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略。
一、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
近幾年的語(yǔ)法測(cè)試中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞約占31.1%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目考查的重點(diǎn)，那么非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查都有哪些特點(diǎn)，解答時(shí)又應(yīng)注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起來(lái)分析一下：
1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考查特點(diǎn)
1) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的判斷
對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing buttake the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，只有D是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，只要同學(xué)們能判斷出這里是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)，則不用考慮時(shí)態(tài)的問(wèn)題，答案自明。
2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后不定式與動(dòng)名詞的選擇
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后接不定式還是接動(dòng)名詞也是四級(jí)語(yǔ)法測(cè)試中的一個(gè)題眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
(2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have
got in.(1996.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6)
這類(lèi)題涉及三個(gè)方面：
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)該接不定式還是動(dòng)名詞？
即可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別？
不定式與動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式還是用被動(dòng)形式？

3) 做定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇
從近幾年的考查情況來(lái)看，對(duì)做定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查有兩種情況：
(1)對(duì)一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor
and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同學(xué)們只要掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。
(2)對(duì)固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it
also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①題為不定式做定語(yǔ)的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞，如動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的名詞，形容詞變來(lái)的名詞，以及means,way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語(yǔ)，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。

4) 做狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇
做狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would
fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing
C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at
least a master's degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from
his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific
circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
從以上各題來(lái)看，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有：
(1)狀語(yǔ)類(lèi)別的判斷
不同的狀語(yǔ)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求不同，目的狀語(yǔ)要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系
根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的不同來(lái)確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過(guò)去分詞。
(3)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式
not否定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)置于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，如③。
(4) 獨(dú)立成分
有些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用不受與句子主語(yǔ)關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨(dú)立成分，這類(lèi)成 分只記憶即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇
做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞受謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的限制，不同動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)形式要求不同。近幾年對(duì)各類(lèi)賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the officetomorrow.(1998.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory
dispute ______.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled
C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised
C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealingwith another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到
感官動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
regard類(lèi)后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
with獨(dú)立分句后面的
常用動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
6) 做表語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇
表語(yǔ)的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語(yǔ)形式的選擇，很少有動(dòng)名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項(xiàng)中有不定式作為干擾項(xiàng)，只要能看出是做表語(yǔ)的也就不用考慮。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the
mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating
C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly becausenot all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分詞做表語(yǔ)可以做系動(dòng)詞be的表語(yǔ)，也可以做其它系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動(dòng)詞后非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。
7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號(hào)的選擇
to可以是介詞，也可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)不定式，四級(jí)考試中對(duì)種類(lèi)用法的考查也比較多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing
C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down intosmaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
這類(lèi)考題的考查方式有兩種，一是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)相對(duì)的選項(xiàng)to do something 和 to doing something，這時(shí)考查的自然是to的性質(zhì)；另一種是to在題干中，如③。
8) 分詞前連詞的使用
分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了，使考生更加準(zhǔn)確地理解試題。考查有兩種情況
(1)根據(jù)連詞選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用說(shuō)明非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，答案不可能是B，從scold與句子主語(yǔ)間的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)看，應(yīng)該是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是D。
(2)根據(jù)狀語(yǔ)的功能選擇不同的連詞
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of
patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分詞所做的是方式狀語(yǔ)，連詞應(yīng)該是as。
9) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的體

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中分詞的體有完成體和進(jìn)行體，即having done, having been done和being done，完成體只用于做狀語(yǔ)的場(chǎng)合，而進(jìn)行體可以用于做定語(yǔ)和做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
動(dòng)名詞的體也有having done, having been done和 being done的結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的場(chǎng)合。
不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。
② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____
all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個(gè)漸變過(guò)程，所以用不定式的進(jìn)行體。
③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1)
A. being delivered B. was delivered
C. be delivered D. having been delivered
該結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，所以應(yīng)該用完成體，答案為D。