成人英語三級考試重點(diǎn)四
來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)布時間:2009-08-26
三、非謂語動詞 不定式(to + V)
動名詞
分詞-ing
分詞-ed
(一)動詞不定式(to+動詞原形)
動詞不定式的語法功能
可以做除謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。
1)作主語
不定式或不定式短語作主語時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如:
To serve the people well is our duty.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語動詞的后面,用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為:
It is our duty to serve the people well.
類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有:
It is + n.+ to do
It takes sb.+ some time + to do
It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
例如:
It is our duty to help them.
It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
It is easy for us to answer this question.
It is kind of you to help me.
注:
1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
2)作賓語
We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
注意:
如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補(bǔ)語,這時,通常要用"it"作形式賓語,而將不定式放到補(bǔ)語后面去。
例如:
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。
×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
賓語 賓補(bǔ)
×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
√They found it impossible to get everything ready in
賓補(bǔ) 賓語
advance.
再看下面的兩個例句:
I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
三級出題方式:
I _____ to point out their shortcomings.
A.consider it my duty
B.consider it is my duty
3)作定語
This is the best way to solve the problem.
注意:
、儆貌欢ㄊ阶鞫ㄕZ時,它與它所修飾的詞有時是動賓關(guān)系,所以如果不定式是不及物動詞,其后面應(yīng)跟上必要的介詞。
例如:
Mary needs a friend to play with.
There is nothing to worry about.
Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .
A.a good place to live
B.a good place for living in
C.a good place to be lived in
D.a good place to live in
答案:D
、诓欢ㄊ阶鞫ㄕZ,如果與他所修飾的詞是動賓關(guān)系,則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。
例如:
×Here is a letter for you to type it.
√Here is a letter for you to type.
×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
√The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。
4)作狀語
In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.
注意:
、俨欢ㄊ侥軌蛐揎椬鞅碚Z或賓語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞,在句中作狀語,這時不定式不能再帶賓語。
例如:
√The water is unfit to drink.
×The water is unfit to drink it.
√They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。
、谧鳡钫Z的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。
例如:
×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.
√To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.
讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級試題:
To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.
A.one needs being patient person.
B.patience is to need.
C.one needs to be patient.
D.patience is what needed.
答案:C
2.不定式的邏輯主語
如要表明不定式或不定式的動作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語),就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如:
Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?
The conference is too important for you to miss.
3.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
不定式有一般、完成、進(jìn)行等幾種常用的形式,也有主動和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例:
主動/被動一般式to study; to be studied
進(jìn)行式to be studying
完成式to have studied; to have been studied
1)不定式的時態(tài)
不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作是同時發(fā)生,或是在其后發(fā)生的。如:
Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
不定式的進(jìn)行式(to be doing)所表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時進(jìn)行的,而且是正在進(jìn)行的。如:
They seemed to be getting along quite well.
不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(to have done)表示限于謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),to have + V-ed 表示動作,to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如:
She seems to have finished her work.
不定式的完成進(jìn)行時表示動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生,而且一直進(jìn)行著。如:
She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
2)不定式的語態(tài)
每個不定式都有其邏輯主語,如果邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者,不定式用主動式,如果其邏輯主語是動作的承受者,不定式用被動式。如:
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。
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