20112年成考升專本英語定語從句二
來源:育路教育網發布時間:2012-08-24
Lesson thirteen:定語從句(二)
第一部分 語法講解
根據定語從句與先行詞的關系而言,定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。
種類
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意義
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形式
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功能
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翻譯
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關系代詞
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關系副詞
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限制性定語從句
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描述主句所涉及的人或物的具體情況,是主句不可缺少的一部分,如果省去,主句意義就不完整,甚至沒有意義。
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緊跟先行詞,主句和從句間不用逗號分開。
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修飾先行詞。
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譯為先行詞的定語
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who,
whom,
whose,
which,
that
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when,
where, why
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非限制性定語從句
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對主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情況,起補充說明作用,如省去,主句仍意義完整。
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主句和從句有逗號分開。
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既可以修飾先行詞,也可以修飾整個主句
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可以譯成另外一個分句
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who,
whom,
whose,
which,
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when,
where
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如:
All these books that had been donated by visiting professors are to be used by the postgraduates.由客座教授贈給的所有這些書將被研究生使用。(限制性)
All these books,which had been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates. 所有這些書將被研究生使用,書是由客座教授贈給的。(非限制性)
1. 非限制性定語從句的用法
1) who, whom, whose, which, when, where引導的非限制性定語從句。
如:Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.王教授已年過六旬,依然日夜努力工作著。
Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得現在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見過他。
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩學習很努力,他的父親是位工程師。
This dictionary, which my father bought in America, has been highly recommended by my English teacher.這本詞典是由我們英語老師極力推薦的,它是我父親從美國買的。
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他將把郊游推遲到5月1日,那時他將有空。
They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他們昨天抵達那里,有一個關于銷售的談判在那里舉行。
注:在非限制性定語從句中,用以指物的關系代詞必須用which,不可以用that.
2)介詞在非限制性定語從句中不能后置;關系代詞也不能省略。
如:Mr.Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科學家,我從他那里學到了很多東西。
3)非限制性定語從句中,關系代詞which有時并不代表某一確定的詞,而是概括整個句子的意思。
如:In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable. 在那么多人面前他有點緊張,這是可以理解的。
He said he had no money, which was not true.他說他沒有錢,這不是實話。
2002年第31小題:
He told her nothing, which upset her.
4)noun+of+which/whom引導的定語從句
如:Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300,000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度是最快的,其速度是每秒三十萬公里。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大廳里有30把椅子,絕大部分是新的。
5) 同一個定語從句,是限制性的還是非限制性的,在意義上有一定的差別
如:Mr.Zhang has a son who likes to play football.(限制性) 張先生有個喜歡踢足球的兒子。(可能還有別的孩子,不喜歡踢足球)
Mr.Zhang has a son,who likes to play football.(非限制性) 張先生有個兒子,喜歡踢足球。(只有這么一個兒子)
The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.知道那里塞車的出租車司機就換了另外一條路。
The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road. 出租車司機因為知道那里塞車,他們都換了另外一條路。
總的原則:如果定語從句修飾一個專有名詞,我們要用非限制性定語從句。因為專有名詞本身意思已經很完整,不需要限制,用定語從句只是進行補充。
如:Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.
Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot.
2.as引導的定語從句
1) as引導限制性定語從句
as 用作關系代詞和關系副詞引導限制性定語從句,并在從句中作主語、賓語或狀語,構成the …same as, such…as, so…as等結構。
如:Here are such questions as are often asked by the college students.這是些大學生們常常問的那類問題。(as作主語)
This is the same computer as I have bought.這臺計算機和我買的那臺一樣。(as作賓語)
I have never seen such kind of girl as she is.我從未見過向她這樣的女孩。(as作表語)
I came the same day as she left.我在她離開的同一天走的。(as作狀語)
注:當從句中不缺成分時,用so/such…that引導結果狀語從句,在句子中缺成分時,用so/such…as引導定語從句。
用such…as, so…as, so…that, such…that 填空。
She’s ___a good teacher ___we all like her.
She’s ___good a teacher ____we all like her.
She’s ___a good teacher ___we all like.
She’s ____good a teacher ___we all like.
如:As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem as they can’t work out.(定語從句)
As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem that they can’t work it out.(結果狀語)
They are such beautiful pictures as drew many people’s attention. (定語從句)
They are such beautiful pictures that they drew many people’s attention.(結果狀語)
2002年第47小題:
Such a device as he was given proved almost worthless.
2)引導非限制性定語從句
as引導非限制性定語從句,代替整個主句,對其進行說明。as在非限制性定語從句中作主語、表語或賓語,且從句位置比較靈活,可位于句首或句末,也可以插入主句中間。as有“正如…”, “就像…”之意。
如:As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美國人都知道,馬克.吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。(as作主語)
As we all know, the earth is round.眾所周知,地球是圓的。(as作賓語)
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神貫注的工作,他過去經常這樣。(as作表語)
3.定語從句補筆:
1)要有定語中心語(先行詞)
Is this school ___you visited last week?
Is this the school ___you visited last week?
Is this the school ___he studied 2 years ago?
A that B where C the one
2)區分定語從句和其它從句( 尤其是和同位語從句的區分)
He’s excited at the news that he’s given a chance to travel abroad. ( 劃線部分為news的內容,that 只起連接作用,在從句中不充當句子成分,所以為同位語從句)
再如:
He’s not interested in the news that we told him.( that 在從句中充當told的賓語,為定語從句)
業內名師團隊,班主任一對一服務,全面覆蓋考點,一次考試,保上名校。 !
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