2010年成人英語三級：語法講解(四)
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(事實上，She doesn’t know, so she still feels joyous.)
二、對過去事實的虛擬
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例如：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
(事實上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事實上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
此種虛擬可進行倒裝，如：
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.= If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.
三、對將來事實的虛擬
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思類似漢語中的“萬一”
例如：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事實上：他不大可能忘記那個日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事實上不大可能會下雪)
此種虛擬可倒裝，如：
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot.
= If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
注意1：部分動詞的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣，形式為should do, 其中should常被省略。
此類動詞有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work.
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough mate
rials before they work on this project.
上面的動詞如果以名詞形式出現時，后面的that從句仍然要采用虛擬語氣
He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every moning.
注意2：在一些慣用語之后經常需要用虛擬，來表示與事實相反或者難以實現的事情這類習語有： as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果沒有你的幫助，我就不能準時到達)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
注意3：在下列形容詞引導的that從句中必須要用虛擬語氣(should) do，但是由于 should經常被省略，所以實際上用的就是動詞原形。
這類形容詞有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.
一致原則
一致原則貫穿英語語法，在前面各個章節中已有涉及，本章作為對前面的補充，集中講TOEFL題中常考的問題
第一節 主謂一致
主謂一致指的是主語和謂語在數上要保持一致. 在英語除了時態的變化外，名詞、動詞的數也有差別，這就要求主語(以名詞為代表)和謂語(包括助動詞)在數上要一致
如：
1. 在名詞+of+名詞這種結構中, 前一個名詞是整個短語的中心詞, 當該短語作主語時，一般以of之前名詞的數為依據確定謂語的數.
one of 之后需接復數名詞，但one of+名詞作主語時中心詞是one，故謂語應用單數
One of my students wins the game.
2. 由and連接的多個名詞作主語，謂語動詞應用復數
Career and love are important to me.
Jim, John and Mary are playing football.
但是如果用and連接起來表示單一的概念時，謂語動詞要用單數
The famous singer and actress, Whitney Huston is coming to the ceremony.
(在這里, singer和actress指得是同一人, 都是Whitney Huston)
3. 不可數名詞，尤其是抽象名詞(relation, authority, necessity, power,
democr acy, young等)作主語時要視為單數，謂語自然也要用單數
The relation between us is very simple.
4. 單個從句作主語時，謂語用單數
That she has gone insane is sheer rumor.
When they will come hasn’t been made public.
5. 如果主語是單數，那么即使后面有with/ together with/ along with/accompanied
by, no less than, like, but, except, including, besides等引導的短語，謂語動詞仍然要是用單數
例如：The boy, together with his parents, goes to the cinema today.
No one except the two boys knows how to solve this problem.
6. 由Not A but B, Not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B引導的主語，謂語通常和最鄰近的主語相一致
Either you or Mary hurts her
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
Not you but he is tired of typing.
Not only the students but also the teacher is going to be blamed.
7.在there be句型、介詞短語、副詞為句首引起的倒裝句中，真正的主語通常在謂語的后面，謂語應該和后面的主語在數方面相一致。
但是在there be 句型中，如果有兩個或者兩個以上的主語，必須和最接近他的那個主語相一致。
There are a lot of books on the table.
There is only one pencil, two books and one cup on the table.
Many a time has he given us good advice.
第二節 主從句時態一致
主從句語義相互關聯，時態也需呼應，所謂一致并不是說主從句的時態要一模一樣，而是不能脫節，一般的原則是不能跨越大的時間范疇，如：主句是一般過去時，從句可能是過去完成時或過去將來時，而不大可能是現在時或將來時，當然具體情況還應具體分析，但針對解答TOEFL題而言，掌握上述原則已是綽綽有余
1.通常當主句中的時態是現在時或將來時態時，從句中的動詞時態并不受影響，往往還是根據從句的意思而定。
I know that he will come tomorrow.
I know that he has finished reading this book.
I know that he went to school yesterday.
2. 當主句中的時態是過去時態,那么從句中的時態要作一定的變化
I knew that he would come tomorrow. (現在將來時變為了過去完成時)
I knew that he had finished reading this book. (現在完成時過去完成時)
I was told that he was free today. (現在時態變為過去時態)
第三節 代詞與其先行詞一致
在講代詞一章時已提到代詞的作用是替代已出現過的詞，即先行詞，那么代詞和先行詞之間也應保持性、數的一致才能保證替代的忠實性，不引起誤解在改錯題中，確定代詞的先行詞是解題的關鍵，主要是依靠句意來判斷，還需留意下列情況：
1. 反身代詞需和所在主謂結構的主語一致，若不一致應改為賓格形式
如：Her mother helped her solve the problem.
此句中helped之后若用herself則指的是her mother, 語義不同
2. 在主從句中，或有分詞狀語的句子中，代詞所代替的對象有可能在其后出現，要準確識別
如：After she entered the room, Mary flung herself to the bed.
此句中she指代的是主句中的Mary
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