09年成考高起點英語語法歸納與練習四

　　(三)代詞及其指代一致
    　一。代詞的指代

　　1.that的指代作用

　　that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞(如是復數，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現在比較結構中的that of.如

　　Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener， and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role.

　　No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

　　2.one的指代作用

　　one指代帶不定冠詞的單數可數名詞，復數為ones.the one指代帶定冠詞的單數可數名詞。如：

　　A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

　　[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

　　答案為[C]

　　3.do的替代作用。

　　do代替動詞，注意數和時態的變化。如：

　　For him to be re-elected， what is essential is not that his policy works ， but that the public believe that it does.

　　二。代詞指代一致問題

　　代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致，或者所照應的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。

　　Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm， and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

　　這里he指代前面的person.

　　It was during the 1920's that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

　　這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship.

　　Our department was monitored by two supervisors， Bill and me.

　　這里me必須用賓格形式。

　　代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規律：

　　1.鄰近和靠近原則

　　由either … or， neither…nor， not only…but (also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數和性上保持一致，就用其相應的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個先行詞在數或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數和性上保持一致。

　　Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

　　Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

　　If either David or Janet comes ， he or she will want a drink

　　2.當each， everyone， everybody， no one ，none ，anybody， someone， somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候，或者anything， nothing， something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數形式。如：

　　Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

　　None of the boys can do it ， can he?

　　Everything is ready， isn't it“

　　3.當主語為復數形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用復數形式;如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用單數形式。如：

　　They each have two coats

　　we are each responsible for his own family

　　4.由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復數

　　如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

　　(三) 主謂一致問題

　　主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結構的主語單復數的認定，進而選擇適當的謂語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：

　　語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近一致原則

　　很多情況下應該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應用哪種原則應該視具體情況而定。總結如下：

　　一。謂語動詞用單數的情況

　　1.動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數。如：

　　Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

　　(1987年考研題)

　　To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

　　2.表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數。

　　Two weeks was too long

　　Five times five makes twenty five

　　3.一般用and連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用復數，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個概念，謂語用單數：

　　law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

　　a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

　　the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復嘗試，不斷摸索

　　horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月

　　bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落

　　如： If law and order not preserved， neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

　　A. is B. are C. was d. were

　　答案：A.

　　4.表示學科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復數形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數形式

　　Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.