一、 提綱式作文的類型
二、 提綱式作文的寫作要領
三、 提綱式作文練習及其參考范文
提綱式作文，即給出二、三個漢語或英語提示短語作為寫作框架，展開文章的一種作文形式。它也屬于指導性作文（guided writing），是四（六）級考試中最常見的作文形式。與段首句作文相比，提綱作文具有更大的控制性，而且給出的材料更明確具體。這種作文題型以提綱的形式對作文的選材范圍、立意、內(nèi)容的組織等進行具體的指導。
第一節(jié) 提綱式作文的類型
提綱式作文有兩種：
（1）給出英文題目、中文提綱
提綱式作文多以英文給出題目、以中文給出提綱，有時提綱中還有提示。如1996年6月的四級作文題：
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
1. 人們認為淡水是取之不盡的。（提示：雨水、河水、井水??）
2. 實際上淡水是非常緊缺的。（提示：人口增加、工業(yè)用水增加、污染??）
3. 我們應該怎么辦？
（2）給出英文題目和提綱
提綱式作文有時也以英文給出題目和提綱，如下面的作文題：
Electronic Dictionaries
1. Advantages of electronic dictionaries
2. Disadvantages of electronic dictionaries
3. My opinion
第二節(jié) 提綱式作文的寫作要領
由于提綱材料本身決定了寫作對象、范圍、目的、體裁等，命題者的意圖往往較容易領悟，而且在審題上一般不會出現(xiàn)障礙。因此，根據(jù)提綱規(guī)定的方向和范圍構思和展開材料是至關重要的。寫提綱式作文時，除了把握段首句作文的寫作要領外，還需注意以下三個要領：
（1）細心鉆研提綱材料
弄清提綱的思路和旨意是寫好提綱作文的前提。審題時，首先要認真閱讀、仔細分析提綱材料，注意弄清以下問題：
1） 提綱材料交代的主要內(nèi)容是什么
2） 反映的意義是什么
3） 要達到什么目的
4） 各個層次之間有什么聯(lián)系
5） 重點在哪里。
只有對材料進行認真分析和研究，揣摩出材料的旨意，才能順理成章地運籌，構思出合乎要求的文章。比如，Global Shortage of Fresh Water這一提綱式作文的主要思路和旨意是：人們?yōu)槭裁凑J為淡水是取這不盡的？什么原因?qū)е碌o缺？如何解決全球淡水緊缺問題？
（2）避免簡單重復提綱材料
寫提綱作文要避免不假思索地圍繞提綱堆砌材料，寫一些“不痛不癢”的句子，或者將中文提綱簡單地譯成英文，或者將英文提綱生硬地搬到作文里。提綱作文不是簡單地重復提綱材料的過程，而是在提綱材料的基礎上，合理巧妙地構思全文，充分表現(xiàn)主題的過程。
（3）發(fā)展深化提綱材料
研究提綱材料時，要明確提綱材料所要體現(xiàn)、發(fā)展的內(nèi)容。發(fā)展深化提綱材料就是要提煉主題，是對提綱材料進行的加工、補充、擴展。寫好主題句是發(fā)展深化提綱的前提。主題句要寫得意義完整，清晰明了，有利于段落的擴展。各段落的展開要根據(jù)提綱的來龍去脈進行。尤其要注意確定重點，選準擴充點，將較抽象的內(nèi)容具體化，闡述透徹。下面以Global Shortage of Fresh Water（全球淡水緊缺）這篇提綱式作文為例，具體分析該提綱內(nèi)容是怎樣發(fā)展、深化的。
根據(jù)提綱要求，第一段應解釋為什么人們認為淡水是取之不盡的。根據(jù)提示，我們可以從降雨豐富、河水和井水等水資源充足方面進行解釋。第二段應重點解釋導致淡水緊缺的原因，這些原因主要有：人為的浪費、人口增加、工業(yè)用水增加、水資源被污染等等。第三段是本文的重點。闡述如何解決淡水緊缺問題時，切忌只簡單地寫出“We should take measures to solve the problem.”這樣空洞的、表態(tài)性的句子，而不提出具體的解決方法。只有提出具體的解決方法，才能使文章顯得充實，有說服力。根據(jù)上面的構思，我們可以列出下列提綱：
Topic: Global Shortage of Fresh WaterQuestion: What has caused the global shortage of fresh water and how can we solve the problem?
Outline:I. It is widely assumed that fresh water is inexhaustible.1. Plenty of rainfall2. Numerous wells3. Countless rivers, falls and springsII. There are three causes for a global shortage of fresh water.1. Population growth2. Development of industry & agriculture3. Water pollution III. Measures should be taken to solve the problem.1. Protect water resources from being polluted2. Save water3. Recycle water & convert sea water into drinkable waterIntroductionBodyConclusion
或許有人會先把給出的中文的提綱細化（即列出一個更細的中文提綱），然后考慮如何將這一細化了的提綱轉(zhuǎn)化為英文提綱，或者邊寫邊考慮如何用英文表達細化了的中文提綱的內(nèi)容。這樣勢必占用不少時間，會降低寫作的速度。因此，我建議大家把中文提綱細化（即構思）時，最好直接用英語列出更細的提綱。這樣既可以節(jié)約不少寶貴的時間，又可以提高寫作的速度。 《全球淡水緊缺》范文：
Global Shortage of Water
⑴It is widely assumed that fresh water will never be used up. ⑵We have such a wrong assumption because plenty of rain falls down from the sky and countless rivers run on the earth.⑶In addition to many wells, we also have numerous falls and springs flowing down from mountains.⑷But actually, a global shortage of fresh water has aroused great concern.⑸A lot of factors account for this shortage, but in general, they come down to three major ones. ⑹First, with the increase in the world’s population, the demand for water is growing rapidly. ⑺Second, the rapid development of industry and agriculture also calls for an increasing amount of water. ⑻And to make things worse, fresh water in may places is being polluted by garbage and dangerous and poisonous chemicals. ⑼It is high time that we take some measures to tackle the problem. ⑽The first important measure is to protect our water resources from being polluted. ⑾Educating people to save water in daily life is of equal significance. ⑿Techniques such as recycling waste water and converting sea water into drinkable water should be applied in dry areas. ⒀It is only when these measures are put into use that the global shortage of fresh water can be solved. ⑴主題句：提出錯誤的觀念⑵原因一和二⑶原因三和四⑷過渡句/指出實際情況⑸主題句/指出導致這一情況有三個原因⑹原因一⑺原因二⑻原因三⑼主題句：呼吁采取行動⑽措施一⑾措施二⑿措施三⒀結尾句/小結:強調(diào)這些措施的重要性、必要性
《電子詞典》范文：
Electronic Dictionaries
⑴Some people prefer electronic dictionaries. ⑵They believe this kind of new dictionary has many advantages. ⑶First, compared with a traditional dictionary, it’s obviously very handy and convenient. ⑷Besides, due to its multi-functions, it’s also very helpful. ⑸It can not only translate words from English to Chinese, but vice versa. ⑹Some even can teach the learner how to pronounce a word. ⑺However, others argue we should not neglect its disadvantages.⑻First, the definitions in the entries are very limited. ⑼Second, they are not enough explanations or examples to illustrate the proper usage of a word. ⑽Sometimes, some explanations are so simple that they may cause misunderstanding. ⑾Last but not least, the constant use of this study aid can make people too much attached to the dictionary and become lazy.⑿Therefore, my view is that we should use it properly. ⒀Every learner should have a good English dictionary at hand and treat the electronic one as a make-shift, when a traditional one is not available. ⒁But an electronic dictionary is by no means a good substitute for a good traditional one. ⑴引出主題⑵主題句⑶優(yōu)點一⑷優(yōu)點二⑺主題句/指出主題的另一面⑻缺點一⑼缺點二⑽缺點三⑾缺點四⑿結論/我的觀點⒀⒁具體闡述‘我’的觀點
這一講我主要講了提綱式作文的類型及其寫作要領。關于提綱式作文的寫作就介紹到這里。
下面我們進行寫作練習。我將給大家一個作文題，請大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容，在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫作的過程中要注意審題，考慮文章的結構、采用的擴展方法、開頭和結尾的方法以及文章中的過渡等。
練習三：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic On Sightseeing. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:
1. Advantages of sightseeing
2. Disadvantages of sightseeing
3. Prepare yourself well
參考文章:
⑴When asked about why they go sightseeing, different people will offer different answers. ⑵Some people say they want something exciting and exotic, while others want to refresh and relax themselves. ⑶And still others go sightseeing to enrich their experiences and broaden their horizons.
⑷Despite these advantages, some of its disadvantages cannot be ignored. ⑸Once you are on the road, you'll encounter many nuisances. ⑹For example, your train may be too crowded. ⑺Though very expensive, you may find it hard to find a room in the local hotels. ⑻Your holiday may be spoiled by the illnesses on the journey. ⑼You may get lost in a strange city and can't understand a word of the local language. ⑽Worse still, your wallet might be stolen, and you can't find any friends or relatives to turn to.
⑾So you should be psychologically prepared for those inconveniences and do something about them. ⑿It is advisable that you take some medicines with you and book the room in advance. ⒀It would be of much help if you can learn a few words and sentences of the local language. ⒁And above all, remember to put your credit card apart from your wallet so that you can withdraw some money from a local bank in case your wallet is stolen.
參考文章:
⑴Traffic is one of the essential activities for our city. ⑵Every day, by various means of transportation, heavy loads of goods and a great number of passengers are conveyed to and from every corner of our city. ⑶With the modernization drive in full swing, traffic has been lending greater impact on our life. ⑷What a mess the city would be in, if the arteries of such vital importance were out of action even for a minute.
⑸Owing to the major part it plays, traffic has long been a serious concern for the municipal government.⑹Over recent years, new bus routes have been opened to traffic and new vehicles put in service; many underpasses and overpasses have been built to ease out the bottlenecks. ⑺Meanwhile, new traffic projects are under consideration.
⑻Despite all these efforts, traffic remains one of the biggest headaches of our city. ⑼Traffic jams during rush hours, bus delays and frays are part of our life. ⑽In addition, traffic accidents occur with alarming frequency, resulting in heavy losses in both property and lives. ⑾Only when these problems are effectively solved, will our city be able to survive the nation-wide competition and function as an economic center. |
