Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) neither of them
D) some other sorts of conditioning
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
through ____.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) both of them
D) neither of them
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
D) none of the above
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的
2.modify 修改、改變；pair with 伴隨
3.it is ...that 強調介詞狀語結構
●分類型文章：
1.分為幾類就是文章主題
2.抓住各類主體詞/基本特征詞（通常為動詞）
3.多余段落通常例證某一類
The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
注：1.operant 操作型的，詞源 operate
2.cuddle 擁抱
3.第一種 classical conditioning：聯系而去做；第二種 operant conditioning：有獎懲而去做 Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
注：1.interact 交往，相互影響
2.positive 正面的 negative 負面的
3.本段是多余段落，例證第一種 classical conditioning
4.mean a. 卑鄙的
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
注：主題題，第一段主題句為第二句
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) neither of them
D) some other sorts of conditioning
注：應用題
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through ____.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) both of them
D) neither of them
注：應用題，furry 有毛的
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
注：主題題，末端首句也是結論句
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
D) none of the above
注：第一段講classical conditioning，第二段講operant conditioning，第三段講classical conditioning，第四段應該講operant conditioning. |
