2012高考英語考點專題講練:動詞的時態和語態(4)
III.被動語態的用法
被動語態表示句子的主語是動作的承受者,也就是動作的對象,一般說來只有及物動詞才有被動語態。其構成為"be+及物動詞的過去分詞".助動詞be有人稱、數和時態的變化,其變化規則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣。含有情態動詞的謂語變化為被動語態時,由"情態動詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結構的復合謂語變為被動語態時,其構成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動詞的-ed形式"構成。
1.被動語態的適用范圍
①當我們不知道誰是動作的執行者,或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執行者時。這時不用by短語。
This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。
②為了強調動作的承受者時
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。
③出于策略、委婉、禮貌等不提出動作的執行者
You are said to be active recently. 據說你最近很活躍。
常用于如下句型:
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據說……
It's reported that… 據報道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定
It's believed that… 據認為…… It's announced that…據宣布……
2.被動語態的句型
①常見句式是:主語(受動者)+be+過去分詞+(by+施動者)
He was scolded by the English teacher.
②主語+get+過去分詞+其它成分
The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
使用這種結構不能帶有“by+施動者”
在現代英語中大量地出現了由"get+及物動詞的過去分詞"構成的被動語態,這就叫做get-型被動語態。get-型被動語態中的過去分詞數量有限,通常為單個的動詞或比較簡單的動詞短語。
▲get+及物動詞的過去分詞
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等動詞的-ed形
式連用,構成被動語態。這種結構一般指動作的結果而非動作本身,常指"最后終于,突然發生"等意義。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在戰斗中受傷了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受傷了。
▲get-型被動語態一般不宜用在含有雙賓語的結構中,也不宜與see, hear, watch, listen to等感官動詞構成被動語態。
The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人給了這位老人一大筆錢。
The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 誤)
▲get-型被動語態有時有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson. 他被教訓了一頓。(有“活該”之意)
How did the window get closed. 窗戶怎么關上了?(有“不該關上‘之意)
▲get-型被動語態有時表示開始進入某種狀態,而be+動詞的-ed形式只表示存在的狀態。
She got tired. 她感到累了。(有開始感到疲勞的含義)
She was tired. (只表示“她累了”)
③帶有雙賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)的主動句變為動句,其主語可以是直接賓語,也可以是間接賓語。
She lent me a bike.?被動:▲I was lent a bike(by her)。
▲A bike was lent to me(by her)。
④情態動詞+be+過去分詞
This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
⑤雙重被動式:主語+被動式謂語+不定式的被動式+其它成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
The murderer was ordered to be shot.
3.主動表示被動的幾種情況
①不及物動詞與狀語連用,用以表示主語的品質和狀態
常見動詞是:cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等
This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。
These books sell well.這些書好賣。
The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。
Meat won‘t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。
The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。
②一些連系動詞的主動式+形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等
The apples taste good.
The flower smells wonderful.
The news proved/turned out true
Cotton feels soft.
4.不可變為被動語態的幾種情況
①當句子的賓語是反身代詞時(因為反身代詞不可作主語)
He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可變為Himself can be dressed by him.
②當句子的賓語是相互代詞時(因為相互代詞不可作主語)
We help each other/one another.不可變為Each other/One another is helped by us.
③動賓結構的固定短語只能用于主動式,不能用被動式
He lost heart.不可變為Heart was lost by him.
類似lose heart詞組的還有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等
④take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態動詞沒有被動語態
She took part in the sports meet.不能變為The sports meet was taken part in by her.
⑤當have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示狀態的及物動詞作謂語時
Our village has twenty tractors. 我們村有20臺拖拉機。
The hall can hold 2000 people. 這個大廳能盛2000人 The war lasted four years. 這場戰爭持續了4年 ⑥當某些及物動詞(如leave, enter, join,等)的賓語是表示處所、地點或組織時
The students entered the classroom one by one. 學生門陸續地進了教室。
My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了黨。
My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父親5年前離開了家鄉。
⑦當句子的賓語是同源賓語時
The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家過著幸福的生活。
⑧當句子的賓語為行為者(主語)身體上某一部分時
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著,我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。
He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越柵欄時傷了腳。
⑨當用非謂語動詞作賓語時
He likes studying English. 他喜歡學習英語
I wish to go there myself. 我想親自去那里一趟 注意:少數以不定式(短語)做賓語的動詞(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以變為被動句,但不能以不定式(短語)直接做被動句的主語,而要借助it為先行主語,將不定式(短語)置于謂語動詞之后 He has decided to go and study abroad.
→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國留學。
5.含有短語動詞在被動語態中介詞不能丟
Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.
(責任編輯:張影)
分享“2012高考英語考點專題講練:動詞的時態和語態”到: