2013年同等學(xué)力申碩英語語法歸納：語態(tài)

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　　一、總述

　　語態(tài)(voice )是一種動詞形式，表示主語與謂語動詞所表示的動作之間的關(guān)系。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)(active voice )和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。被動語態(tài)往往是各類考試中的側(cè)重點。

　　英語被動語態(tài)是由“助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)變化借助動詞be 來實現(xiàn)。助動詞be 要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致。

　　被動語態(tài)常用于下列幾種情況：

　　1. 動作的執(zhí)行者無需指出或不明確時。例如：

　　Printing was introduced into Europe from China. Rome was not built in a day.

　　2. 為強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時。例如：

　　Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack. Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.

　　3. 為了修辭的需要。例如：

　　He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.

　　Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.

　　二、重要考點

　　1. 除及物動詞外，一些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語動詞也可使用被動態(tài)形式。但在個別情況下，短語動詞一般不拆開使用。例如：This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.

　　2. 不及物動詞(或相當(dāng)于一個不及物動詞的短語動詞)和表示狀態(tài)的動詞(或短語動詞)無被動語態(tài)形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out 等;以及l(fā)ack, fit suit，equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like 等。例如：The story took place in 1949.

　　3. 將主動態(tài)形式改為被動態(tài)形式時，如遇到動詞后跟雙賓語的情況，我們只能將其中之一變成主語，另一個保持不變。當(dāng)直接賓語變成主語時，保持在原位的間接賓語前需加介詞to。例如：

　　I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.

　　→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present.

　　→A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.

　　4. 不定式符號to 在被動語態(tài)中不可省略。在主動語態(tài)中，感官動詞和“使”動詞常跟不

　　帶to 的動詞不定式，但在被動語態(tài)中要有to。例如：

　　I saw her pass by thewindow.

　　→She was seen to pass by the window.

　　5. 某些實義動詞加副詞也表示被動意義，如：wash, write, sell, eat, keep, open, read, shut 等。例如：

　　This type of recorder sells well.

　　The door won’t shut closely.

　　This kind of shirt washes well.

　　The pen writes well。

　　6. want 、deserve 、need 、require 、stand、take、won’t bear with 等詞后跟主動形式的動名詞可以表示被動意義。例如：

　　The film is quite worth watching.

　　The children need looking after (=to be looked after).

　　The rule will take some learning.

　　7. 某些作表語的形容詞后，用不定式主動形式表示被動意義。例如：

　　He is hard to please. The article is difficult to understand.

　　8. 被動語態(tài)中常用的幾個介詞：by 表示動作的執(zhí)行者或施動者;with(tools )表示用某種工具;of(materials )表示由某種原料制成(制成品可見原料);from(substance )表示源于某種物質(zhì)(制成品不見原料)。