2013年同等學(xué)力申碩英語語法歸納：時(shí)態(tài)

來源：在職研究生報(bào)名網(wǎng) 時(shí)間：2013-04-23 09:23:04

　　查看：2013年同等學(xué)力申碩英語常考語法歸納匯總

　　一、總述

　　謂語動(dòng)詞用來表示動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式稱為時(shí)態(tài)。我們通常所說的時(shí)態(tài)，其實(shí)反映的是兩個(gè)不同的概念，即tense (時(shí))和aspect (態(tài)和體)。從時(shí)間上來看，英語的時(shí)態(tài)有現(xiàn)在、過去、將來及過去將來4 種。從表現(xiàn)形式(或稱“體”)上來看，英語的時(shí)態(tài)有一般時(shí)態(tài)、過去時(shí)態(tài)、完成時(shí)態(tài)、完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)4 種。兩者的結(jié)合構(gòu)成了英語的各種時(shí)態(tài)。共有16 種，具體見下表所示(以動(dòng)詞do 為例)。

一般時(shí)態(tài)	進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)	完成時(shí)態(tài)	完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
一般時(shí)態(tài)	進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)	完成時(shí)態(tài)	完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在	do does	is	has done	has been doing
		am doing	have done	have been doing
		are
過去	did	was doing were doing	had done	had been doing
將來	shall do	shall be doing	shall have done	shall have been doing
將來	will do	will be doing	will have done	will have been doing
過去將來	should do would do	should be doing would be doing	should have done would have done	should have been doing would have been doing

　　二、重要考點(diǎn)

　　1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、一般狀態(tài)、客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理。如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，其動(dòng)詞后需加s 或es。例如：

　　He always gets up late on Sundays.

　　He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.

　　The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

　　在以as soon as 、when 、after 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，或以if、unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，通常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

　　I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.

　　You’ll succeed if you try your best.

　　2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。表示后一種情況時(shí)，動(dòng)作也一定正在進(jìn)行。例如：

　　They are constructing that building.

　　Steve is studying Chinese best.

　　1) 并非所有動(dòng)詞都有進(jìn)行時(shí)，有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞通常無進(jìn)行時(shí)，除非這類動(dòng)詞的詞義發(fā)生變化。這類動(dòng)詞有：be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem 等。例如：

　　Do you see anyone over there?

　　Are you seeing someone off?(see off 意思是“送行”。)

　　2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示將來的動(dòng)作：它指按人們的計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或指即將開始的動(dòng)作。例如：

　　I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

　　Imagine I’m seeing the Mona Lisa.

　　3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用來給習(xí)慣動(dòng)作加上贊賞或討厭等感情色彩。例如：

　　She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.

　　He is always finding fault with his employees.

　　3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示目前已完成的動(dòng)作或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作，也可表示從過去某一刻發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在仍延續(xù)著的動(dòng)作或情況。此時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在的影響。例如：

　　The conference has lasted for five days.

　　He’s just bought an unusual taxi.

　　1) 當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時(shí)間的狀語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。此類狀語有up to (till) now 、so far、these days 、this summer 、for… (后接一段時(shí)間的短語)，since…(后接過去某個(gè)具體時(shí)間)等。例如：

　　We haven’t seen each other again since we graduated in 1987. 2句中謂語動(dòng)詞是用一般過去時(shí)還是用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要取決于動(dòng)作是否對現(xiàn)在有影響。例如：

　　What did she say about it?

　　I have lived in Beijing for 15 years.