2011年工程碩士GCT英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)專欄（第十周）

時(shí)態(tài)

　　１　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　o 定義：通常表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、一般狀態(tài)、客觀真理和永恒真理。

　　o 構(gòu)成：動(dòng)詞原形，如果主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)，其動(dòng)詞后需加s或es

　　o He always gets up late on Sunday.

　　o The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　o 使用場(chǎng)景

　　o 1 主要用來(lái)表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或自古已然的事態(tài)。

　　o Before I go to bed, I drink a glass of milk.

　　o He smokes heavily.

　　o Dogs bark.

　　o 2. 表示目前存在的狀態(tài)(如能力、職業(yè)、特征等）

　　o He is a handsome young man.

　　o She speaks several languages fluently.

　　o Mary comes from New York.

　　o 3 當(dāng)詢問(wèn)或引用書籍、通知或新近收到的信件的內(nèi)容時(shí)

　　o What does the book say?

　　o 4. 表示計(jì)劃中將來(lái)的行動(dòng)或一系列行動(dòng)，尤指旅途中的行動(dòng)。

　　o We leave Beijing at 10:00 next Tuesday and arrive in Shanghai at 13:00. We spend three hours in Shanghai and leave for New York at 16:00.

　　o 5 表速度較快的球類比賽

　　o 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：always, often, every day, sometimes, usually, seldom, three times a day.

　　o 注意：在以as soon as, when, after等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，或以if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。(主將從現(xiàn)）

　　o I'll ring you as soon as he comes back.

　　o You'll succeed if you try your best.

　　２　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　o 定義：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。表示后一種情況時(shí)，動(dòng)作也一定正在進(jìn)行。

　　o She is playing the piano.

　　o I am thinking about a new plan these days.

　　o 常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now, at present, always, for ever, all the time, these days, at this moment.

　　o 注意事項(xiàng)：

　　o 1 并非所有的動(dòng)詞都有進(jìn)行時(shí)，有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞通常無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)，除非這類動(dòng)詞的詞義發(fā)生變化。如：be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem

　　o Do you see anyone over there?

　　o Are you seeing someone off?

　　o 2. 也可以表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，它是按人們的計(jì)劃，安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或指即將開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。

　　o I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

　　o Imagine I'm seeing the Mona Lisa.

　　o 3. 與always, forever等表示頻繁的副詞連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作之經(jīng)常，長(zhǎng)帶有贊賞或討厭等感情色彩。

　　o She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.

　　o He is always going out on Sunday.

　　o They're forever complaining.

　　３　一般過(guò)去時(shí)

　　o 定義：表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且一下子就完成的動(dòng)作，也可以表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。一般過(guò)去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說(shuō)明過(guò)去。

　　o I had a word with Mary this morning.

　　o He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up.

　　o 常見(jiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once, once upon a time, the other day, just now, during the war, before, a few days ago, when 等。

　　o 注意事項(xiàng)：

　　o 1 used to do& be used to doing

　　o He used to get up late in the morning, but now he is used to getting up early.

　　o 過(guò)去常常也可以用would do 表示

　　o They used to go to the park every Saturday.

　　o Every day after work, he would go to the bar and drink a glass of beer.

　　４　過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　o 定義：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一 段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　　o 常見(jiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： at that time, then, at five yesterday.

　　o I was watching TV at that time.

　　o The telephone was ringing when I came in.

　　o The wolf was following him all the time.

　　５　一般將來(lái)時(shí)

　　o 定義：表示某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，也可表示將來(lái)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

　　o He will  take part in an important race across the country.

　　o The students will have five English classes per week this term.

　　o Be going to do sth

　　o 1 表示事先經(jīng)過(guò)考慮，安排好的事情

　　o I'm going to answer these letters tonight.

　　o He is going to meet his mother at the train station today.

　　o 2 表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)有跡象將要發(fā)生的某種情況

　　o Look at the those clouds! It's going to rain very soon.

　　o Be to do 表示約定的，計(jì)劃中的或按責(zé)任、義務(wù)要求即將完成的動(dòng)作，也可以表示約定要發(fā)生的事情。（尤指報(bào)紙廣播用以宣布官方的計(jì)劃或決定）

　　o Be about to do 表示立刻就要發(fā)生的事情。

　　o The film is about to start.

　　o The plane is about to take off.

　　6 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　o 定義：表示目前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作，也可表示從過(guò)去某一刻發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在仍延續(xù)著的動(dòng)作或情況。此時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。

　　o The conference has lasted for 5 days.

　　o He's just bought an unusual taxi.

　　o The train has just left.

　　o 常見(jiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：

　　o 表示已完成：lately, already, just, yet, never, ever, before 等詞連用，或不帶狀語(yǔ)。

　　o He has just left.

　　o He has finished his homework.

　　o Tom has rung three times already this morning.

　　o I have never seen him before.

　　o 表示未完成：since, for, so far, up to now,  in the past few weeks , these days 等(多表示到目前為止這段時(shí)間）

　　o The couple has lived here for 20 years.

　　o We have been great friends ever since we first met in America.

　　o He has finished 3 term papers up to now.

　　7　過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　o 定義：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀況。"過(guò)去的過(guò)去。"

　　o  By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.

　　o They found that a stream had formed  in the field.

　　o 典型時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by (the time)＋過(guò)去時(shí)間

　　o By 11:30 yesterday, we had already had lunch.

　　o 用于hope, think, intend, mean, want, expect等動(dòng)詞, 表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算、希望或意圖。

　　o I had thought he would finish the job on time. So I wasn't worried at all.

　　o I had hoped to come to see you yesterday, but couldn't get away because my mother came.

　　8 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

　　o 定義：

　　o １　表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)下去。

　　o It has been raining heavily for three days.

　　o ２　表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)才剛結(jié)束。

　　o We have been waiting for you for 2 hours.

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的差別

　　１　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表未完成時(shí)必須與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，否則表示單一的完成的動(dòng)作，完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

　　o He has lived here for 3 weeks./He has washed clothes.

　　o He has been working hard.

　　o 2　表示反復(fù)的次數(shù)時(shí)，用完成時(shí)

　　o I've knocked at the door five times, but I'm afraid nobody is in.

　　o 3 I've washed my clothes(強(qiáng)調(diào)完成）

　　o I've been washing my clothes for half an hour.(一直進(jìn)行）

　　9 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：would +do

　　10 將來(lái)完成時(shí)：

　　o They will have stayed here for 5 months next week.

　　o By the end of next month, they will have studied twenty passages.

　　11 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　o I'll be having an English class this time tomorrow.

　　Thank   you