政策解讀
快速擇校
第一講 名詞
advice
n.忠告, 建議
一點意見
some advice
一條意見
a piece of advice
提出忠告
give advice
baggage
n.(=luggage)[美]行李
cash
n現金;零錢
現金支付
to pay (in) cash
你有現金嗎?
Have you any cash?
clothing
n衣服(總稱)
damage
n.損害, 傷害
The storm did a lot of damage to the crops.
暴風雨使莊稼受到了很大損失。
equipment
n設備,裝備
Our school has been given some new equipment.
我們學校有了一些贈送的新設備。
furniture
n.家具
information
n. 消息, 知識, 信息
jewelry
n珠寶
knowledge
n.知識, 學問
laughter
n笑;笑聲
leisure
n.空閑, 閑暇
leisure time
業余時間
machinery
n機器;機械(總稱)
The machinery in the factory consists of several different kinds of machines.
工廠里的機械設備包括許多種不同的機器。
n.郵件
他每天有大量的信件要回復。
He has a large amount of mail to answer every day.
recognition
n承認;認可; 認得
research
n.探索,調查, (in, on into)
a very interesting piece of research
some research on the effects of brain damage
scenery
n.風景, 景色
一塊肥皂
a cake [cube] of soap
traffic
n交通,來往的行人、車輛等
Traffic police are sometimes very polite.
交通警察非常有禮貌。
The city streets are full of traffic.
城市的街道上滿是行人車輛。
violence
n.猛烈, 暴力
an act of violence
暴力行為
damned
adj.該死的, 被咒罵的
statistics
n.統計學, 統計表
fierce
adj.兇猛的, 猛烈的
currency
n流通; 通貨;貨幣
giggle
n格格笑
chuckle
n.吃吃的笑聲
1. 名詞
名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),專有名詞是某個(些)人,地方,機構等專有的名稱,如Beijing,China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞,如:book,sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類:
1)個體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類人或東西中的個體,如:gun
2)集合名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個個體組成的集合體,如:family
3)物質名詞(Material Nouns):表示無法分為個體的實物,如:air
4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念,如:work
1. 名詞的數
一般情況 加 -s
以s,sh,ch, x等結尾的詞 加 -es
以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等結尾的詞 加 -s
以輔音字母+y結尾的詞 變y 為i 再加es
以y結尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時,直接加s變復數:
如: two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
1.2 其它名詞復數的規則變化
以o 結尾的名詞,變復數時:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
1.3名詞復數的不規則變化(考點)
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:與 man 和 woman構成的合成詞,其復數形式也是 -men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞,故復數形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復數是the Bowmans。
2)單復同形 如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese , li,jin,yuan,two li,four jin
但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集合名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為復數。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是復數,不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說
a person,a policeman,a head of cattle
the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作復數用。
如: The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
集合名詞指單一(oneness)的集合體時用單數動詞,指個別的(individual)組成份子時用復數動詞。
My family is a large one.
My family are all very well.
這類集合名詞有:army, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew全體工作人員, couple, group, staff全體職員, team, public, cabinet內閣, band
4)以s結尾,仍為單數的名詞,如:
a.學科名詞: mathematics,politics,physics, linguistics
b. 疾病名詞: measles, mumps
c. news 是不可數名詞。
d.專有名詞: the United States,the United Nations ,
eg. The United Nations was organized in 1945.
5) 以復數形式出現的書名,劇名,報紙,雜志名,也可視為單數.
Eg. "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書
6) 表示由兩部分構成的東西,
A. 衣服: trousers, pants, clothes
B: 用具: spectacles, = glasses , scissors,
若表達具體數目,要借助數量詞 pair(對,雙); suit(套);
a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
The scissors aren't sharp.
A pair of scissors is on the desk.
7) 另外還有一些名詞,其復數形式有時可表示特別意思,如:
goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚
1.4 定語名詞的復數(考點)
名詞作定語一般用單數,如:computer room, 但也有以下例外。
1) 用復數作定語。
如:sports meeting 運動會 students reading-room 學生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時,其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。
如:men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s結尾的名詞,作定語時,s保留。
如:goods train (貨車) arms produce 武器生產
customs papers 海關文件 clothes brush衣刷
4) 數詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數形式。
如:two-dozen eggs 兩打/(二十四個雞蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan. 一個五年計劃
個別的有用復數作定語的,如: a seven-years child
1.5 不同國家的人的單復數
名稱 總稱(謂語用復數) 一個人 兩個人
中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美國人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德國人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.6 名詞的格(考點)
在英語中有些名詞可以加's來表示所有關系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下:
1) 單數名詞詞尾加's,復數名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加's",如the boy's bag 男孩的書包,men's room 男廁所。
2) 若名詞已有復數詞尾-s ,只加',
如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。
3) 凡不能加's的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的后面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber's 理發店。
5) 如果兩個名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個's,則表示'共有'。
如:John's and Mary's room(兩間) John and Mary's room(一間
6) 復合名詞或短語,'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。
如:a month or two's absence
1.7 名詞作同位語
A.同位語和它前面的名詞是指同一人或物
A neighbor, Fred Brick, is on the telephone.
B.為了加強語氣,同位語也可變動位置
An unusual present, a book on ethics, awaited him.
An unusual present awaited him , a book on ethics.
1. This is ___ reading-room.
A. the student's B. student's
C. students D. the students
2. How many___ would you like?
A. paper B. bread
C. pieces of papers D. pieces of bread
3. He was praised for his ___.
A. brave B. bravery
C. bravely D. great brave
4. Please get me a new ___ when you go to town.
A. clothes B. dress C. clothing D. trousers
5. There are 34___ doctors in the hospital.
A. woman B. women C. woman's D. women's
1-5 D D B B B
6. Some___ are even thinner than your little finger.
bamboo B. bamboos
C. kinds of bamboo D. kinds of bamboos
7. He was born in this town and now he lives in ___.
Building second B. Building Two
C. the Building Two D. Building the Second
8. Old as he is, he has ___to do every day.
A. a lot of work B. much works
C. lots of homeworks D. quite a lot of homeworks
9. Jack's room is furnished with ___.
A. new furnitures B. many new furnitures
C. many new pieces of furnitures
D. many new pieces of furniture
6-9 CBAD
10. Have you read ___newspaper yet?
A. today's B. Today's
C. the today's D. your today's
11. It's not far, only ___walk from here to our school.
A. a ten minutes B. ten minutes
C. a ten minutes' D. ten minutes'
12. Last month, he wrote me ___letter.
A. a 1000-word B. 1000 words
C. a 1000-words D. 1000 words'
13. He had a ___sleep yesterday.
A. a good night B. a good-night
C. a good night's D. good-night's
14. ___is not a long way to drive.
A. Three miles distance B. Three-mile distance
C. Three miles' distance D. A three-mile-distance
10-14 ADACC
15. His isn't fit for the work. Please get me ___.
A. something else B. somebody else
C. someone else's D. somebody's else
16. Do you know how large ___ is?
A. population of China B. Chinese population
C. China population D. China's population
17. ___ is too much for the boy to carry.
A. The box weight B. The box's weight
C. The weight of the box D. The box of the weight
18. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest ___ shop?
A. shoes B. shoe C. shoes' D. shoe's
19. What ___ weather we're having these days!
A. nice B. a nice C. a bad D. worse
15-19 CDCBA
somebody else別人 someone else其他人 weather: U
20. Amelia Earhart, ____ woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, was born in 1898.
A. was the first B. she was the first
C. the first who was a D. the first (D )
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