The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints the construction of idea__l__ states, such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected__3__ valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato’s Republic, in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was__9__ to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the “guarantor” of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__, the family heads who formed the original senate,__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved__15__to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on__16__months, and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
1. [A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to
2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred
3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about
4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it
5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made
6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular
7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind
8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved
9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised
10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation
11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling
12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers
13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced
14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider
15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about
16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several
17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But
18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national
19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so
20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
參考答案：
1.B空格處的介詞與名詞短語the construction of ideal states 搭配，作blueprints 的后置定語，意為“……的藍圖”。for表示對象、用途，意為“給，對，供”等，如a book for children(兒童讀物)，a new table for the dining room(用在飯廳的新桌子)。 “建設理想國家”是“藍圖”的用途，因此選擇介詞for。
2.C空格所在部分such as__2 __to the Greeks是一個定語從句，其中as為關系代詞，指代先行詞blueprints。因此，該從句的主語是as指代的blueprints，謂語是空格處填入的動詞。該動詞是個不及物動詞，與后面的介詞to搭配。只有appeal常和介詞to搭配，意為“(對某人)有吸引力，引起(某人的)興趣”，如Do these paintings appeal to you?(你對這些畫感興趣嗎?)
住。)attract sb. to sth. 意為“引起某人對某事的好感或喜愛”，如What attracted me to the job was its challenges.(這份工作吸引我的是它的挑戰性。)transfer sb./sth. to... 意為“使轉移，搬遷”，如transfer money to his account(將錢轉到他的帳戶上)。
補充：such... as意為“像……這樣的”，其中as可作關系代詞，引起定語從句，如The article provided such information as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States.(這篇文章提供了美國大部分報紙沒有提供的信息。)such有時不放在所修飾的詞前，而和as放在一起，如上面例句也可寫成：The article provided information such as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States.
3.C空格所在句子中出現了倒裝結構，由于其賓語intellectual exercises的后置定語較長，因此將賓補valueless提前。該句子的正常語序是Roman theorists ignored, or rejected intellectual exercises__3__valueless。能夠引出賓補的介詞只有[C]as，如I respect him as a doctor.(我尊敬他這個醫生。)You can use that glass as a vase.(你可以把那個玻璃杯當作花瓶用。)
4.A空格上下文分別是兩個結構完整的分句，無法僅僅用逗號連接。由此可知，空格所在部分是in __4__引導的非限定性從句，修飾先行詞Plato’s Republic，in 4在該從句中作狀語。能夠指代名詞，并和介詞搭配的關系代詞是[A]which。[B]that不用在非限定性從句中，[C]what只能引導名詞性從句，[D]it不能引導從句。
5.B空格所在部分was__5__out是定語從句中的謂語，由于它是被動式，因此其邏輯賓語就是該從句的主語the relationship。turn out意為“制造，生產;關掉，熄滅”，如turn out 900 cars a week(一周生產900輛汽車)，turn out the lights(關燈)。work out意為“計算，算出;處理，解決;計劃，思考”，如work out the answer/a problem/a new way(計算出答案/解決問題/制定出新方案)。bring out意為“使顯現，使表現出;生產，出版”;如A crisis brings out the best in her.(危機促使她表現得特別出色。)The band have just brought out the second album.(這個樂隊剛剛推出了他們的第二張專輯。)。make out意為“辨認;理解，明白”，如make out a figure in the darkness(在黑暗中看出一個人的輪廓)，make out what she was saying(弄明白她在說些什么)。根據句意，應該選[B]，work out the relationship表示“想出或制定出(個人與國家之間的)關系”。
6.D選項中四個形容詞為近義詞。special意為“特別的，專門的”，如special treatment(特殊照顧)。specific意為“特殊的;明確的”，如There is a specific tool for each job.(每個工種都配備特定的工具。)specific instructions(明確的指示)。peculiar意為“奇怪的;獨特的”，如The food has a peculiar taste.(這食物有種怪味道。)The Mid-Autumn Festival is peculiar to China.(中秋節是中國所獨有的。)particular意為“不尋常的，特別的”，如particular attention(特別注意)。但是particular也可意為“專指的，特指的”，這種用法的particular只用在名詞前作定語，與泛指相對，如Is there a particular type of book he enjoys?(他特別喜愛哪一類書籍嗎?)由句意可知，空格處填入的形容詞修飾states or individuals，表示“特指的國家或個人”，與上文提到的“泛指的國家或個人”相對。
7.D have sb./sth. in mind意為“心中有適當的人(或事情)等”，如Watching TV all evening wasn’t exactly what I had in mind!(我才不愿整個晚上都看電視!)空格所在部分表達的含義是“對羅馬有了非常清楚的想法”。 其它項都可以和介詞in搭配：in store意為“即將發生(在某人身上)，等待著(某人)”，如They think it’ll be easy but they have a surprise in store.(他們以為事情容易，到時候他們就會吃驚的。)in existence意為“現存”，如This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence.(這是現存最古老的希伯來語手稿。)in reality意為“實際上，事實上”，如She seemed confident but in reality she felt nervous.(她看起來自信，而實際上很緊張。)顯然，其它項都不符合文意。
8.D空格所在部分是even when引導的讓步狀語從句，其中it指代上文的Roman thought(羅馬人的想法)，空格處填入的動詞是謂語，其賓語是religious and moral concepts。選項中，abandon意為“放棄，拋棄”，如abandon the hope/one’s lands(放棄希望/丟下土地)。catch意為“染病;聽見，理解”，如catch a cold/what you said(得感冒/弄懂你說的話)。separate意為“分開，隔開”，如It is impossible to separate belief from emotion.(信仰和感情是分不開的。)involve意為“包含;牽涉，牽連”，如Any investment involves an element of risk.(任何投資都有一定的冒險成分。)a serious incident involving a group of youths(涉及一群年輕人的嚴重事件)。根據句意，應選[D]，表示“即使涉及到宗教和道德概念”。
9.B空格所在部分was__9__為謂語動詞的被動式，其主語是The first ruler，不定式結構to have... 作主補。be told to do意為“被命令、吩咐做某事”，如He was told to sit down and wait.(有人吩咐他坐下等著。)be held to be/do意為“被認為是/做……”，如These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art.(這些花瓶被視為最精美的希臘藝術代表作。)suggest不與不定式連用，因此不存在be suggested to do的結構。be advised to do意為“被建議做某事”，如He was advised to take a complete rest.(他被建議徹底休息一下。)文中不定式的完成式to have received表明該動作發生在空格動詞動作之前，根據句意，應選擇[B]held，表示“統治者被認為已經獲得了……”。
10.C空格處填入的名詞被constitutional(立憲的，憲法的)修飾。tendency意為“趨勢，傾向”;procedure意為“程序，手續，步驟”;development意為“發展”;relation意為“關系”。根據句意，選擇[C]，表示“憲法的發展”。
11.A authority意為“權力，職權”;power意為“控制力，操縱力;權力”;control意為“控制”;ruling意為“判決，裁定，統治”。由于上文提到，“統治者從神那里獲得了權利(authority)”，因此空格所在句子的含義應是“憲法授予和管理該權力”，此外，下文也提到“行使權力(exercise authority)”。
12.D officers指“官員”;men指“男人們”;administrators指“管理人員，行政官員”;復數形式的fathers一般指“祖先，先父”。下文的插入語the family... senate是空格處名詞的同位語，其中the family head是對father的解釋，senate(參議院)與assembly(立法機構)在含義上相呼應。
13.A空格處填入動詞，其主語是the assembly of the fathers，賓語是the religious character。[A]possess意為“擁有;具有(特質)”，如He doesn’t possess a sense of humor.(他沒有什么幽默感。)[A]在文中可表示“具有(宗教特質)”，符合文意。其它項：claim意為“要求，請求，主張”;assure意為“保證，擔保”，一般接sb.作賓語;enforce意為“強制執行，強行實施;強迫”。
14.C空格所在部分是because引導的狀語從句，解釋上文“先父們的立法機構擁有行使權利所必須的宗教特質”的原因。confirm意為“確定，批準，證實”;confer意為“授予”;consult意為“咨詢，請教”;consider意為“考慮”。根據句意，應選[C]，表示“向神尋求建議或啟示”。
15.C move over意為“挪開，讓位置”，如He felt he should move over in favor of a younger man.(他覺得他應該讓位給一個更年輕的人。)move along意為“向前移動(以騰出空間)”，如The people in the bus moved along, to make room for others.(公車里的人往前挪以便給別人騰地方。)move on意為“往前走;開始做(新的事情)”，如Can we move on to the next item on the agenda?(我們可以接著討論下一項議程嗎?)move about意為“不停地走動”，如You will be warm enough if you move about.(如果你到處走動一下你就會感到很暖和的。)上文提到，“最初的參議院擁有行使權利所必須的宗教特質”，本句則提到，“參議員們將權利再進行分割”，顯然，兩個分句之間是“繼續，接著”的含義。
16.A空格處填入的形容詞修飾months。alternate可意為“間隔的，每隔(……天的)”，如He has to work on alternate Sundays.(他每隔一周就有一個周日得上班。)different意為“不同的”，如shirts of different colors(顏色不同的襯衫)。varied意為“各種各樣的”，如varied cultures(各種不同的文化)。several意為“幾個，若干”，如several hours a day(每天幾個小時)。根據句意，司法官或總管官員擁有權力的時間應是“每隔一個月”，而不是“不同的月”、“各種各樣的月”或“幾個月”。
17.D空格處填入的連詞表示所在分句與上文之間的邏輯關系。上文提到，參議院擁有權利，并將它下放到各級官員手中。空格所在部分是一個長句，其主干結構是the achievement was to create the idea of continuing... authority(成就是創造持續的……權力的概念)。authority后是兩個并列的分詞結構，即，embodied... in和conferred... 作后置定語。由句意可知，本句仍然在討論權力下放的問題，但它強調這種權力不完全屬于上層階級，也需要大眾的認可。因此在含義上本句出現了轉折。
18.A空格處的名詞作定語，修飾authority。本文一開始就提到羅馬人關于國家理論的形成(Roman theorizing about the state)。文中多次出現了關鍵詞state。因此可推知，空格部分涉及的是應是“國家權力”。state authority是表達“國家權力”的習慣搭配，一般不用country或people，national authority常表示“民族權力機構”。
19.B空格處填入一連詞，引導后面的從句，和空格前的過去分詞一起在句子中作狀語。該分詞結構可以擴充為一個完整的句子，即，authority was conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. 由于as和so都不與only連用，應排除。能與only連用的連詞是when和if。only when引導時間狀語從句，意為“只有在……時候才……”，如Only when he read the newspaper did he know the story.(只有在他看了報紙后他才知道那則報導。)only if引導條件從句，多與現在時連用,意為“只有在……條件下才……”，如Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.(只有紅燈閃亮時才有危及職工的險情。)
20.B空格所在部分with enormous__ 20__作狀語，修飾grew。dimension意為“大小，規模，程度，范圍”;complexity意為“復雜性”;exercise意為“活動，練習;行使，運用”;function意為“功能”。下文as引導時間狀語從句，說明了主語動作發生的背景和原因。“新的部門和立法機構被創造出來并且幾乎沒有任何一個被擯棄”導致的結果應該是“系統越來越復雜”。
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