五、一致關(guān)系常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
一致關(guān)系包括主語與謂語、代詞與所指代的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上要保持一致兩個方面。
1.主語是單數(shù),謂語卻是復(fù)數(shù)形式,或反之,主謂不一致的錯誤常出現(xiàn)在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:
①主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu);
②主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾,所以距離較遠,考生易誤認(rèn)主語;
③動名詞短語或不定式短語作主語;
④主語帶有with或such as等附加成分;
⑤關(guān)系代詞作主語的定語從句;
⑥某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.代詞與所指代的名詞不一致的錯誤常常是:
①在數(shù)上不一致;
②在人稱上不一致;
③在格上不一致;
④出現(xiàn)在從屬結(jié)構(gòu)中。
例句:
On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考題)
(答案:B were,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),主語是hundreds of…)
The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products.
(答案:D affects,主語與謂語之間有較長修飾語)
Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) .
(答案:C is,主語是動名詞短語)
The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations.
(答案:B is planning,主語有附加語)
There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community.
(答案:D do not,第二個關(guān)系代詞which作主語,先行詞是services)
One of the world's largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit.
(答案:B lies,主語是one)
George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job.
(答案:C have,與先行詞students一致)
Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car.
(答案:D owns,與先行詞one一致)
注意:上面三個帶one的句子對謂語數(shù)的影響。
Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) .
(答案:C has been,與a problem在語法上一致)
It was during the 1920's that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point.
(答案:C its,指代friendship,在數(shù)上一致)
Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect.
(答案:C he,指代a person,在人稱上一致)
It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) .
(答案:D to pay them,指代debts,在人稱和數(shù)上一致)
His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) .
(答案:D his,指代his position,在格上一致)
[辨錯思路]
1.一般說來,測試主謂一致的試題主語都有修飾語或附加成分,因此,考生應(yīng)仔細閱讀句子,找出主語、謂語。如果謂語劃有橫線,就應(yīng)考慮是否存在主謂不一致的錯誤。
2.主謂不一致錯誤的特點之一是,如果謂語應(yīng)是單數(shù),謂語前面的名詞往往是復(fù)數(shù);如果謂語應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù),謂語前面的名詞往往是單數(shù)(如1995年辨錯改錯題5),以形成假象,增大辨錯難度。
3.在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中測試主謂一致的試題往往是表示地點的短語放置句首,謂語是表示狀態(tài)的動詞be, lie, stand, stay等,考生在辨錯時注意這一規(guī)律。
4.如果作主語的名詞既可表示單數(shù)又可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,考生應(yīng)善于利用句中出現(xiàn)的代詞、限定詞或數(shù)詞等暗示來判斷題句中主語表示的數(shù)的概念,進而分析謂語動詞是否有誤。
5.一個句子含有不止一個名詞時,要分辨代詞是否正確,關(guān)鍵是要搞清楚指代對象,然后再進一步分析是否在性、數(shù)、格、人稱上與指代對象一致。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
在糾正一致關(guān)系錯誤時,除了了解一般的單復(fù)數(shù)概念外,還應(yīng)掌握下列各特殊情況。
1.貌似單數(shù)、實是復(fù)數(shù)的詞,包括data等不規(guī)則變化的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,和只用作復(fù)數(shù)意義的詞如police以及根據(jù)情況有時用作復(fù)數(shù)意義的集合名詞如committee。
2.貌似復(fù)數(shù)、實是單數(shù)的名詞,包括表示學(xué)科的詞如politics;固定復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞如means, series, species等。
注意:上面兩種情況切不可望形生義。
3.動名詞短語、不定式短語和名詞從句作主語時,謂語用單數(shù),如果用and連接上述相同的兩個成分時,謂語則用復(fù)數(shù)。
4.主語帶有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分時,該主語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。
5.兩組結(jié)構(gòu)相同但先行詞不同導(dǎo)致從句中謂語數(shù)之不同的情況:
one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,從句中謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
the only one+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,先行詞是one,從句中謂語用單數(shù)。
6.兩組用法易混淆的含of的短語作主語時,謂語的數(shù)視名詞的冠詞而變:是不定冠詞a,用復(fù)數(shù);是定冠詞the,用
單數(shù)。
a number of…一些…
the number of……的數(shù)量
a variety of……各種各樣的…
注意:the majority of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞, "…的大多數(shù)",謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
7.四組并列連詞連接的主語,其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于靠近動詞的主語:
either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。
8.三個固定用法的謂語的數(shù)單純?nèi)Q于主語數(shù)的形式,而不考慮主語數(shù)的實際意義:
many a+單數(shù)名詞謂語用單數(shù)
more than one+單數(shù)名詞謂語用單數(shù)
a great
good many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞謂語用復(fù)數(shù)
9.由each, every修飾的名詞,用第三人稱單數(shù)指代。
10."those of+人稱代詞"構(gòu)成短語時,指代短語的代詞與短語中人稱代詞保持一致:
those of us our
those of you your
11.注意it is的縮寫形式it's與代詞it的所有格形式its的區(qū)別,參見樣題辨錯改錯(9)。
六、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.虛擬語氣條件從句省略了連詞if,主謂應(yīng)倒裝而未倒裝。
2.句中含有要求必須倒裝的詞或句型,句子卻用正常語序。
3.有的已倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中采用助動詞前置后,動詞沒有作相應(yīng)變化。
4.在no matter how, however和how引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中其后的形容詞、副詞沒有隨其移置主謂語之前而產(chǎn)生倒裝。
5.在the more引導(dǎo)的比較從句中,其所修飾的名詞沒有隨之移置主謂語之前而產(chǎn)生倒裝。6.疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句不應(yīng)倒裝而倒裝.
結(jié)束
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