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運(yùn)用邏輯 征服新托福口語(yǔ):Task 5解析

作者:不詳   發(fā)布時(shí)間:2010-01-12 09:31:48  來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)
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  在新托福口語(yǔ)考試中很重要的一點(diǎn)是要時(shí)刻保持邏輯思維的敏銳性,在醞釀出豐富內(nèi)容的同時(shí)運(yùn)用邏輯的力量合理安排內(nèi)容的發(fā)展才能征服考官,取得高分。西方人說(shuō)話喜歡開門見山,表達(dá)時(shí)更是會(huì)事先在頭腦中形成大致的邏輯框架,對(duì)開頭、中間和結(jié)尾進(jìn)行規(guī)劃再脫口而出,因此顯得條理清晰。考生只有以這種思維方式為基礎(chǔ),應(yīng)用有邏輯性的開頭來(lái)陳述立場(chǎng),進(jìn)而發(fā)展論點(diǎn),得出結(jié)論,才會(huì)讓考官形成思想認(rèn)同。而在短短45秒到1分鐘之內(nèi)毫無(wú)計(jì)劃性的回答只會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響考官的理解。那么邏輯性具體分幾個(gè)方面來(lái)體現(xiàn),這里就Task 5從頭說(shuō)起。
  一、框架邏輯
  口語(yǔ)考試共分為6個(gè)Task,前兩個(gè)是Independent Task,直接根據(jù)指令回答問(wèn)題,后四個(gè)為Integrated Task,要綜合聽力和閱讀的內(nèi)容作答。Task 5加入的是聽力的內(nèi)容,先聽對(duì)話,然后根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容回答問(wèn)題,準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間20秒,答題時(shí)間60秒。對(duì)話的內(nèi)容是兩個(gè)人先討論一個(gè)問(wèn)題,然后找出可能的兩個(gè)解決問(wèn)題的方法。題目指令要求考生敘述這個(gè)問(wèn)題,說(shuō)明選擇哪一種方法,并解釋原因。
  作為四個(gè)Integrated Task中唯一一個(gè)詢問(wèn)考生觀點(diǎn)的題目,對(duì)自己觀點(diǎn)的闡述相比對(duì)內(nèi)容的概括要簡(jiǎn)單。指令的要求也非常的明晰,只要按照“復(fù)述問(wèn)題-復(fù)述方案-選擇方案-闡明理由”的步驟來(lái)進(jìn)行,回答本身就已經(jīng)有了一定的邏輯性。這就是文章開頭所說(shuō)的邏輯框架,也就是從結(jié)構(gòu)或形式上來(lái)講回答問(wèn)題的邏輯性,朗閣海外考試研究中心將其大致概括為四步走:
  1. General Description of Main Problem
  2. Two Possible Solutions
  3. Personal Opinion / Choice
  4. Supporting Reasons
  二、內(nèi)容邏輯
  確定了Task 5的邏輯框架以后,接下來(lái)便是對(duì)內(nèi)容的有效組織。對(duì)問(wèn)題本身和兩種方案進(jìn)行復(fù)述;選擇對(duì)話中給出的一個(gè)解決方法;對(duì)于同意的方案可以用對(duì)話中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容作為原因進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,對(duì)于不同意的方案清楚地說(shuō)出個(gè)人反對(duì)的理由-所有的這些內(nèi)容,除了要能用一些普遍的連接詞來(lái)做好過(guò)渡銜接以外,狀語(yǔ)從句的使用也是串聯(lián)內(nèi)容時(shí)必不可少的紐帶。在Task 5中以原因、讓步、條件狀語(yǔ)從句體現(xiàn)尤為突出。
  下面以一道真題為例來(lái)分析其對(duì)邏輯體現(xiàn)的作用。題目如下:
  Man: Hey Lisa, how’s it going?
  Woman: Hi Mark. Uh, I’m OK, I guess, but my schoolwork is really stressing me out.
  Man: [sympathetically] Yeah? What’s wrong?
  Woman: Well, I’ve got a paper to write and two exams to study for. And a bunch of math problems to finish. It’s just so much that I can’t concentrate on any of it. I start concentrating on studying for one of my exams, and then I’m like, how long’s it gonna take to finish that problem set?
  Man: Wow. Sounds like you’ve got a lot more work than you can handle right now. [Not wanting to sound too pushy] Look, have you talked to some of your professors . . . mean, you know, try to explain the problem. Look, you could probably get an extension on your paper, or on the math assignment . . .
  Woman: You think? It would give me a little more time to prepare for my exams right now.
  Man: Well, I mean another thing that you might do . . . I mean have you tried making yourself a schedule? I mean that’s what I do when I’m feeling overwhelmed.
  Woman: What does that do for you?
  Man: Well, I mean it helps you to focus your energies. You know, you make yourself a chart that shows the next few days and the time till your stuff is due and . . .
  Woman: Uh-huh . . . [meaning “I’m listening”]
  Man: I mean think about what you need to do and when you have to do it by. You know then start filling in your schedule—like, all right 9:00 [nine] to 11:30 [eleven-thirty] A.M., study for exam. 12:00 [twelve] to 3:00 [three], work on problem set. But I mean don’t make the time periods too long. Like, don’t put in eight hours of studying—you know, you’ll get tired, or start worrying about your other work again. But if you keep to your schedule, you know you’ll just have to worry about one thing at a time.
  Woman: Yeah, that might work. [somewhat noncommittally]
  聽完對(duì)話以后,考生會(huì)聽到考題的要求如下:
  The students discuss two possible solutions to the woman’s problem. Describe the problem and state which solution you prefer and explain why.
  1 Note-taking
  在聽力的過(guò)程中根據(jù)邏輯框架我們所做的Note-taking可以是以下一些零星的內(nèi)容:
  l Main Problem
  too much schoolwork but no enough time - a paper, two exams, math problems
  l Suggested Solutions
  talk to professors: get an extension for paper or problems
  l make a schedule: focus energy
  l The Woman’s Choice: schedule
  My Choice: schedule
  Supporting Ideas: long-lasting idea, good habit for the future
  2 Organizing Response
  而在回答之前的20秒鐘時(shí)間里怎樣把以上內(nèi)容有邏輯地組織成文則是關(guān)鍵。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中就需要有效地使用各種連接詞及狀語(yǔ)從句。來(lái)看下面的回答:
  ①The discussion is about a woman worrying about her heavy schoolwork including a paper, two exams and a lot of math problems. ②She doesn’t have sufficient time to finish it because she can’t help thinking the others while start to focus on any of it. ③Therefore the man offers up two possible solutions to alleviate her strains. ④One is that she can talk about the situation with her professors in order to get an extension on her paper or math problems and leave time for her exams. ⑤The other is to make a schedule to arrange the stuff reasonably. ⑥If she can keep the schedule strictly, she can also keep her concentration. ⑦In my opinion, it would be better if the woman prepared a schedule. ⑧The problem of too much work to do is something that the woman is going to confront in the future as well, and if she learns how to organize a schedule now, this will help her throughout her academic career. ⑨On the other hand, even though her professors might be willing to give her an extension, they might somehow penalize her for it by grading her assignments more severely.
  在上面的回答共8個(gè)句子,很好地把握了狀語(yǔ)從句以及銜接詞的使用,讓整個(gè)回答行云流水,非常的順暢。
  A 銜接詞
  文中的銜接詞很好地連接了框架的各個(gè)部分如Therefore, One…, The other…, In my opinion, On the other hand等等。
  B 原因狀語(yǔ)從句
  在Task 5中有兩個(gè)可以用到原因狀語(yǔ)從句的點(diǎn):一是在說(shuō)明問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的原因時(shí)如文中第②句;二是在概述自己選擇的原因時(shí)。
  C 條件狀語(yǔ)從句
  因?yàn)榇嬖诜桨副旧硪约皩?duì)方案作出選擇的假設(shè)性,所以條件狀語(yǔ)從句在Task 5中的使用相對(duì)更頻繁。文中在陳述方案,表明自己觀點(diǎn),正面論述原因時(shí)都采用了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,也就是第⑥⑦⑧句。
  D 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
  讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可以用于沒有被選到的方案,用假設(shè)的語(yǔ)氣陳述選擇此方案的不足之處,如文中第⑨句。
  由此可見,恰當(dāng)?shù)氖褂眠B接詞以及狀語(yǔ)從句可以使內(nèi)容的安排更有條理,邏輯更為清晰。
  綜上所述,建議考生保證自己說(shuō)話時(shí)的邏輯性是口語(yǔ)考試中不可忽略的一環(huán),除了針對(duì)每一部分的回答要有既定的邏輯框架外,在內(nèi)容的銜接上也要充分利用詞匯以及狀語(yǔ)從句等來(lái)完善其邏輯性。是否能有效利用時(shí)間清晰合理地組織好觀點(diǎn)并提供了完整的回答便是考試制勝的關(guān)鍵。
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