Text 2
The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive freefloating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purposes.
The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it.
The predator is searchingly aggressive innerdirected, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant soundsand yesterday’s unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silkthin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
26. The author is primarily concerned with .
[A] disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores
[B] describing a relationship between animals’ intelligence and their ecological roles
[C] establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counterparts
[D] analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores
27. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the following may occur EXCEPT.
[A] the production of adrenaline
[B] the production of norepinephrine
[C] a heightening of sensitivity to stimulate
[D] an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem
28. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following?
[A] Interplay of predator and prey.
[B] Persistence of free floating awareness in animals of the grasslands.
[C] Gradual dominance of warm blooded mammals over cold blooded reptiles.
[D] Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species.
29. The author refers to a hungry lizard (last paragraph) primarily in order to.
[A] demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those of no mammals
[B] broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as an example
[C] make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness
[D] provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators
30. The author’s attitude toward the mammals discussed in the passage is best described as .
[A] superior condescending [B] lighthearted and jocular
[C] apologetic and conciliatory [D] respectful and admiring
Text 3
Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreler, the craft must be learned.
There are two generally recognized apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, are not about anything, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.
Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel age out to establish or rescue their dignity. Hence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of calling this old acquaintance a lying fraud.
Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a license for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that some of our most tenacious black belt quarrelers have come to it late in life and mastered every throw.
A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types with time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.
Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, selfesteem, honor is quarrelling, like jealousy, is an ailconsuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreler’s very selfhood is on the line. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent’s feet.
31. According to the passage, which is false?
[A] It is a good way to establish or rescue one’s dignity through quarrel.
[B] Quarrel is very different from argument.
[C] Spouses can benefit little from quarrel.
[D] Quarrel is not an instinct of human being.
32. What does the expression “rainy afternoon” (2nd paragraph) mean about brothers and sisters?
[A] Had to play at home.
[B] Felt depressed.
[C] Were quarrelling.
[D] Got the only chance to stay together.
33. The author implies that.
[A] an excellent quarreler must be trained through two phrases
[B] in people’s whole life, there are two periods full of quarreling
[C] quarrel is much like argument
[D] all people like quarreling
34.Which is the difference between a quarrel and an argument?
[A] A quarrel involves individual pride.
[B] A quarrel concerns strong points of view.
[C] An argument has wellestablished rules.
[D] An argument concerns trivial issues.
35. The author’s opinion is.
[A] objective
[B] subjective
[C] progressive
[D] conservative
