MBA英語如何猜測不認識的詞語？

來源：網絡時間：2017-06-24 07:36:45

　　在閱讀文章的過程中，考生面臨最大的問題是遇到不認識的單詞或短語，或者認識的單詞在文章中有了新的含義。如果這些詞或短語不影響對文章主要內容的理解，考生便可以將它們略過，不中斷閱讀。如果這些詞語的意思對正確理解文章很重要，就必須根據上下文的聯系，根據構詞法或其他方法對它們的意義進行猜測，使之不影響對整篇文章的理解。猜測詞義通常可采用以下幾種方法。

　　1. 利用上下文確定詞義

　　通過上下文來猜測詞意是閱讀考試中最常用的重要手段之一，聯系上下文可以幫助我們理解句子，確定詞義。下面我們通過一些實例來簡要說明如何通過上下文來確定詞義。

　　例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.

　　對于dynamic一詞大家可能不熟悉，下文的He seems to have unlimited energy…(他似乎有用不完的勁)就是對 dynamic詞義的解釋。這樣，我們便知道該詞意為“有干勁的”。

　　例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.

　　假定sociology是一個不認識的詞，系動詞be后面就給出了明確的定義。這樣，我們便知道該詞意思為“社會學”。

　　例3：A first-year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and ‘sophomore’, 'junior’ and 'senior' des¬ignate the second—third—and fourth—year student.

　　要是對sophomore, junior 和senior幾個術語不熟悉，通過后面的對應解釋詞語the second—third—and fourth—year student我們便不難知道它們分別是指二、三、四年級的大學生。

　　例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.

　　通過后面的through knee-deep mud(沒膝深的泥漿)，我們知道trudged一詞的意思為與行走這一動作有關，在泥漿中行走，也就是“跋涉”。

　　例5：When it comes to manufactured goods there is actually more diversity in this country than Europe has ever known. The variety of goods carried by our stores is the first thing that impresses any visitor from abroad.

　　第二句中的variety與句中的diversity 同義，這樣，我們便不難知道diversity的大意是“種類”或“品種”。

　　下面我們聯系上下文，試確定以下各句中斜體字的含義。

　　1. The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.

　　2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.

　　3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.

　　4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.

　　5. With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldn’t help laughing.

　　6. A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.

　　7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an or¬derly way. Now, however, everything is in a state of tur¬moil.

　　8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker be¬came flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.

　　9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.

　　10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.

　　通過上串下聯，我們不難確定上述各句中斜體字的含義如下：1. umiak n. 一種大船2. hemlock n. 一種有毒植物(毒芹)3. litter n.一窩 bunnies小兔子4. hysterical a.歇斯底里，異常興奮5. ludicrous a..滑稽可笑的6. nectar n.花蜜 honey sac蜜胃7. tur¬moil n.混亂8. flustered a.慌亂的9. intrigued a.感興趣10. submissive a.順從的

　　2. 利用構詞法確定詞義

　　通過觀察構詞部分，分析辨認單詞，是提高閱讀速度的技巧之一。一方面，讀者不必停下來查詞典，繼續往下讀;另一方面，也大大增加了讀者的詞匯量，讀者通過已知詞綴(包括前綴和后綴)和已知詞根就能很好地猜出生詞的含義。

　　例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.

　　Chemotherapy 是由chemo(意為chemical)和therapy (意為treatment)，整個單詞意思就是“化學療法”。

　　例2：They overestimate the interviewee’s ability and asked turn many difficult questions.

　　overestimate =over (過分、過度)+estimate (估計)。因此overestimate的詞義可猜測為“過高估計”。

　　例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.

　　句中的imperceptible 一詞由前綴im-(非，不)+詞根percept(感知、覺察)+后綴 -ible(能……的)構成。幾部分組合在一起，也就是“難以覺察的”之意。

　　例4：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and *dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003考研英語第62題)

　　其中的dispassioned為超綱詞，我們可根據構詞法dis + passion + ed知其大概意思：除掉激情的，也即是“冷靜的”。

　　3. 利用語法知識確定詞義

　　在很多情況下，各種語法知識可以幫助我們來判斷詞性、詞義。

　　例1：This set of books is for children. The first book of the sequence, which is one of the most popular series of children’s stories, is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.

　　假定我們不認識sequence，利用定語從句which is one of the most popular series of children’s stories, 其中series就與sequence 同義，也就是“叢書”的意思。

　　例2：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person.

　　利用同位語a small boat for one person我們知道kayak是一種單人小船。

　　例3：A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.

　　通過破折號解釋我們知道solar eclipse為“日食”。

　　例4：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of provid¬ing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.

　　通過后面的解釋我們知道Ventilation為“通風，流通空氣”之意。

　　例5：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing.

　　Stethoscope一詞大家都不熟悉，通過后面的同位語解釋an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing，我們便能理解stethoscope的確切詞義，即“聽診器”或“聽筒”的意思。

　　4. 根據同義、反義關系確定詞義

　　閱讀中，特別是要注意表示反意的信號詞：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to等，利用這些同義、反義關系，可以幫助我們確定詞義。

　　例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.

　　從while的轉折關系可知optimist意思是“one who expects the best’’, 即“樂觀的”。

　　例2：Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.

　　根據Mother was tall, fat 以及后面as plump as的同義關系，我們知道plump為“豐滿的”之意。

　　例3：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying.

　　concoct一詞大家不熟悉，根據but的轉折關系我們知道在此句中與was lying的含義大體相同，由此可知concoct的大概意思是“編造謊話”。

　　例4：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others.

　　假定我們不認識aloof一詞，破折號后的反義關系：“不友好，冷漠” 就解釋了aloof一詞的含義。

　　5. 利用邏輯推理和常識確定詞義

　　有時候，邏輯推理和自身的生活經驗及普通常識能幫助我們確定詞義。

　　例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.

　　憑常識我們不難猜出fins, slimy和scales的確切意思分別是“鰭”、“滑溜的”和“鱗”，對于eels一詞，我們只需知道是fish的一種(鱔魚類)就行了。

　　例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.

　　根據前半句的Not wanting to disturb(不愿打擾)，我們便可大致推測出gingerly一詞的含義：“小心翼翼地”。

　　例3：A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.

　　憑常識我們知道溫度計下面的bulb是“水銀球”。

　　例4：Most troubles can be avoided, but death and taxes are in¬evitable.

　　憑常識我們知道死亡和稅收是不可避免的(in¬evitable)事情。