考研英語歷年真題來源報刊閱讀100篇Text1

　　Declining populations：Incredible shrinking countries
　　During the second half of the 20th century, the global population explosion was the big demographic bogey. Robert McNamara, president of the World Bank in the 1970s, compared the threat of unmanageable population pressures with the danger of nuclear war. Now that worry has evaporated, and this century is spooking itself with the opposite fear: the onset of demographic decline.
　　The shrinkage of Russia and eastern Europe is familiar, though not perhaps the scale of it: Russia’s population is expected to fall by 22% between 2005 and 2050, Ukraine’s by a staggering 43%. Now the phenomenon is creeping into the rich world: Japan has started to shrink and others, such as Italy and Germany, will soon follow. Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries.
　　Demographic decline worries people because it is believed to go hand in hand with economic decline. At the extremes it may well be the result of economic factors: pessimism may depress the birth rate and push up rates of suicide and alcoholism. But, in the main, demographic decline is the consequence of the low fertility that generally goes with growing prosperity. In Japan, for instance, birth rates fell below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman in the mid��1970s and have been particularly low in the past 15 years.
　　But if demographic decline is not generally a consequence of economic decline, surely it must be a cause? In a crude sense, yes. As populations shrink, GDP growth will slow. Some economies may even start to shrink, too. The result will be a loss of economic influence.
　　Governments hate the idea of a shrinking population because the absolute size of GDP matters for great�瞤ower status. The bigger the economy, the bigger the military, the greater the geopolitical clout: annual GDP estimates were first introduced in America in the 1940s as part of its war effort. Companies worry, too: they do not like the idea of their domestic markets shrinking. People should not mind, though. What matters for economic welfare is GDP per person.
　　The crucial question is therefore what the effect of demographic decline is on the growth of GDP per person. The bad news is that this looks likely to slow because working�瞐ge populations will decline more rapidly than overall populations. Yet this need not happen. Productivity growth may keep up growth in GDP per person: as labour becomes scarcer, and pressure to introduce new technologies to boost workers’ efficiency increases, so the productivity of labour may rise faster. Anyway, retirement ages can be lifted to increase the supply of labour even when the population is declining.
　　People love to worry-maybe it’s a symptom of ageing populations-but the gloom surrounding population declines misses the main point. The new demographics that are causing populations to age and to shrink are something to celebrate. Humanity was once caught in the trap of high fertility and high mortality. Now it has escaped into the freedom of low fertility and low mortality. Women’s control over the number of children they have is an unqualified good-as is the average person’s enjoyment, in rich countries, of ten more years of life than they had in 1960. Politicians may fear the decline of their nations’ economic prowess, but people should celebrate the new demographics as heralding a golden age.
　　Pressure
　　n.①壓（力）；②強制，壓迫，壓強；v.強制，迫使
　　［真題例句］ They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure (n.①) will cause others to include it on theirs.［2005年新題型］
　�。劾�句精譯］ 他們可能會認為如果一個省把一種藥包括在一個藥品名錄單上，就會迫使其他省把這種藥也包括在藥品名錄單上。
　　opposite
　　a.（to）對面的，對立的，相反的；n.對立面，對立物；prep.在......的對面
　　shrink
　　v.①起皺，收縮；②退縮，畏縮
　�。壅骖}例句］ Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk (①) or vanished in the face of foreign competition.［2000年閱讀1］
　�。劾�句精譯］ 面對國外競爭，一些大型的美國工業，如消費電子產業，已經萎縮或漸漸消失。
　　extreme
　　a.①末端的，盡頭的；②極度的，極端的；n.①極端；②比較大程度；③極度（狀態）
　�。壅骖}例句］ Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government�餾 Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme (a.②) cases.［2003年閱讀3］
　�。劾�句精譯］ 如果客戶感到他們被多收費，他們有權上訴到聯邦政府的"陸路運輸委員會"以爭取價格下調，但這個過程耗財、耗時，并且只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
　�。壅骖}例句］ (73) It leads the discussion to extremes (n.①) at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. ［1997年翻譯］
　�。劾�句精譯］ （73）這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端。它使人們認為應當這樣對待動物：要么像對人類自身一樣關心體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。
　　prosperity
　　n.繁榮，興旺
　�。壅骖}例句］ Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.［2000年閱讀1］
　　［例句精譯］ 美國不再視繁榮為理所當然之事。
　　Decline
　　v./n. ①下傾，下降，下垂，衰落；②斜面，傾斜；v.拒絕，謝絕
　�。壅骖}例句］ Could the bad old days of economic decline (n.①) be about to return? ［2002年閱讀3］
　�。劾�句精譯］ 過去經濟衰落的日子會不會重來？
　　Escape
　　n.逃跑，逃脫；v.逃跑；避開，避免

　　Little Tips:
　　據《歐洲時報》援引法新社報導，歐洲委員會近日公布的一份研究報告預測，到2050年，歐洲的人口與1995年的相比，可能會減少13%到22%。保加利亞鄉鎮聯合會會長鮑里斯拉夫?鮑里索夫15日警告說，保加利亞人口持續減少，如果政府繼續忽視這一問題，該國將于本世紀中葉出現嚴重的人口危機。日本的人口老化與生育率低落問題可能對這個全球第二大經濟體造成嚴重打擊，因為工作供養退休老人的年輕人越來越少。人口衰退在目前成為一個全球性問題。
　　衰退的人口：以驚人的速度減小的國家
　　在二十世紀后半葉，全球人口大爆炸還是令人擔憂的人口問題。70年代，世界銀行行長Robert McNamara甚至還把人口壓力所帶來的威脅與核戰相提并論，然而在今天看來，這種憂慮已經不復存在了。這個世紀悄悄過去了，帶給人們的卻是一個恰恰相反的憂慮：人口衰退開始初露端倪。
　　盡管俄羅斯和東歐各國人口遞減的具體比例可能不被知曉，但對這一事實人們已經有所了解。實際上，從2005年到2050年，俄羅斯的人口預計會減少22%，而烏克蘭竟然有43%之多。今天這一現象在發達國家也悄然出現：日本人口已經開始遞減，而其他的一些國家，如：意大利和德國，也將步日本的后塵。聯合國有關報告指出，即便是中國，到2030年初期人口也將開始遞減。這份報告同時還指出，到2050年，將有50個國家的人口低于今天的水平。
　　人口的衰退之所以讓人們擔心，是因為人們相信與之相伴隨的是經濟的衰退。進一步來說，我們有理由認為人口的衰退是經濟因素導致的。因為悲觀會降低出生率卻會提高自殺和酒精中毒的比率。但是，大體上人口降低是由人口出生率過低導致的。而低的人口出生率通常與不斷增進的繁榮相聯系。比如在日本七十年代中期，出生率降至相當于平均每個婦女生2.1個孩子以下，而且在過去的15年里一直明顯的偏低。
　　但是如果人口衰退不是一般意義上的經濟衰退所導致的后果，那么它確切地說一定是它的一個原因嗎？在某種不確定的意義上，答案是肯定的。隨著人口的衰退，GDP的增長也將緩慢。一些經濟體甚至也開始衰退。其結果將是經濟影響力的喪失。
　　政府不愿意看到人口的收縮，因為GDP的絕對大小關乎強國的地位。經濟越繁榮，軍隊越強大，地緣政治的影響也就越大。比如在四十年代，美國首次把年GDP評估的引入作為其戰爭成就的一部分。公司也不愿看到人口衰退。因為他們不想自己的國內市場有所收縮。但普通人對此卻并不關心，因為關系他們經濟福利的是人均GDP。
　　因此，至關重要的問題是人口衰退對人均GDP增長的影響是怎樣的。不利的一面是它將減緩人均GDP的增長，因為適宜工作的人口將比總人口下降的更快一些。然而這也并不一定會發生。生長率的增長將維持人均GDP的增長。由于勞動者的不足和引進增加工人效率的新技術的壓力的增大，勞動者的生產率可能會增長得更快。無論怎樣，即使當人口正在衰退的時候，我們仍然可以通過提高退休年限的方式來增加勞動力的供給。
　　人們喜歡擔憂--這可能是上年紀的人的癥狀--但圍繞著人口衰退的憂愁卻沒有抓住要害。引發人口老齡化和衰退的新人口問題也有值得慶幸的地方。人類過去掉入高出生率和高死亡率的陷阱，而現在逃到了低出生率和低死亡率的自由之地。女人擁有一種絕對的優勢，那就是對自己生孩子的數量的掌控。在發達國家，對普通人而言，能比六十年代的人多享受十年的生活也同樣是種絕對優勢。政治家可能會擔心他們國家的經濟實力下降。而我們普通人應該為新人口問題所預兆的黃金時代而歡呼。