考研英語同位語從句全面剖析

　　同位語從句

　　1．The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not Up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits Of the heavens，the moon and the planets．

　　[參考譯文]  蘋果向下落到地面而不是向上飛到樹上，這一事實回答了他長期以來一直對月球和行星——那些天空中更大的天體所存的疑問。

　　[結構分析]  這是一個主從復合句，可以·切分為：The fact (that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree)answered the question (he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, )(the moon and the planets)，主句的主干結構是The fact answered the question；第一個括號內that引導的是同位語從句，該從句的主語是the apple，謂語是fell down，and之后是謂語并列結構，有省略現象，補全后應是：and(did)not (fell)up into the tree，toward the earth和into the tree均是介詞短語，作謂語fell down的方向狀語；第二個括號內是question的定語從句，前面省略了連接詞that，about those larger fruits of the heavens是介詞短語，作question的后置定語；第三個括號內是并列的名詞短語，作前面those larger fruits of the heavens的同位語。該句翻譯時應將同位語從句that the apple．．．the tree先譯出，再譯主句。

　　[知識鏈接]  fruit of the heavens天體(這里fruit為詞匯活用現象)；planet行星。

　　2．A century ago，Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears．

　　[參考譯文]  一個世紀以前，弗洛伊德闡述了他具有革命性的理論，即夢是對我們所不曾意識到的欲望和恐懼的內心深處的反映。

　　[結構分析]  這是一個主從復合句，可拆分為兩段：(A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory)(that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引導的同位語從句，修飾前面的theory；主句中Freud是主語，formulated是謂語，theory是賓語，revolutionary是theory的定語；同位語從句中，dreams是主語，were是謂語動詞，shadows是表語，disguised作shadows的定語，介詞短語of our unconscious desires and fears作shadows的后置定語，unconscious作desires and fears的定語。

　　[知識鏈接]  Freud弗洛伊德(1856—1939，奧地利精神病學家，精神分析學派心理創始人)；formulate形成，闡述；revolutionary革命性的；disguised偽裝的，深層的；unconscious無意識的，be unconscious of．．．對……不了解，聯想記憶：conscious有意識的，be conscious of．．．對……很了解，subconscious潛意識的。

　　3. And by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of dreams as just "mental noise"—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

　　[參考譯文]  到了20世紀70年代末期，神經學家們轉而認為夢僅僅是人們頭腦中的噪音——睡眠中進行的神經修復過程中偶然產生的副產品。

　　[結構分析]  這是一個主從復合句，可看作由兩段組成：破折號之前是主句，破折號之后是一個名詞短語，作前面mental noise的同位語；主句的主語是neurologists，謂語是had switched to，thinking of dreams是動名詞結構，作介詞to的賓語，as just“mental noise”是介詞短語，作前面dreams的賓語補足語；同位語結構中的主干詞是the random byproducts，句末的that從句作前面the neural-repair work的后定語。

　　知識鏈接the late 1970s，20世紀?0年代末期；neurologist精神病學家；switch to doing sth．／sth．轉向做……；think of．．．as．．．認為……是……；mental noise心理噪音；random隨意的，偶然的；byproduct副產品；neural—repair神經修復；goon持續。

　　4. The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

　　[參考譯文]  熱泵的停用很大程度上是源于對廣告商宣傳的質疑。他們聲稱熱泵每使用一個單位的電能，就能產生高達兩個單位的熱能，這顯然與能量守恒定律相矛盾。

　　[結構分析]  這是一個主從復合句，可切分為三大段：(The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims)(that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used,)(thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引導的同位語從句，解釋claims的內容，第三段是現在分詞短語，作前面provide的結果狀語；主句的主語是The use，謂語是has been held back，about advertisers’ claims為介詞短語，作skepticism的后定語；同位語結構的主語是heat pumps，謂語是can provide，賓語是two units of thermal energy，as many as為同級比較短語，作two units的定語，for．．．electrical energy為介詞短語，與provide…，for．．．構成固定搭配，used是過去分詞，作前面electrical energy的后定語，electrical energy used屬于名詞+過去分詞結構。這句話的翻譯要點是：that同位語從句單獨翻譯，而且前面要將claim轉化為動詞“聲稱”譯出。

　　[知識鏈接]  heat pump熱泵；holdback阻止，停用；largely很大程度上；skepticism懷疑；advertiser廣告商；claim聲稱(這里活譯為宣傳)；unit(物理學)單位；thermal energy熱能；thermal熱力的，如：thermos熱水瓶，thermometre溫度計；contradict與……矛盾，違背；energy conservation能量守恒。

　　5. One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall.

　　[參考譯文]  一種觀點認為工作時間將會持續下降。該觀點用于支持以下看法，即就業將繼續是主要的工作方式；就業機會將比較終提供給所有想就業敝人。

　　[結構分析]  這是一個主從復合句，可切分為三大段：One argument (used to support  the idea)(that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that  employment will eventually become available {or all who want it,)is that working time will  continue to fall，括號外的內容是主句，比較簡單：One argument．．．is that working time will continue to fall，其中One argument作主語，is是謂語系動詞，that引導表語從句；第一個括號內，一定關注used為過去分詞，作argument的后置定語，to support the idea是不定式，作目的狀語；第二個括號內是that．．．and that．．．引導的兩個并列結構，作前面idea的同位語從句，其中第一個that從句的主語是employment，謂體是will continue to be，表語是the dominant form of work，第二個that從句的主語是employment，謂語是will…become，表語是available，介詞短語for all who want讓作范圍狀語，實際上，available for已構成固定搭配，參見知識鏈接，who want it作a11的定語從句，讓指代前面的employment。這句話翻譯時首先要處理主句，即One argument is that working time will continue to fall，再將后置定語used to support the idea和兩個that同位語從句單獨翻譯。

　　[知識鏈接]  argument觀點，論點；employment就業，聯想記憶：employee雇員；employer雇主，老板；unemployment失業；dominant主要的，統治性的；eventually比較終；sth．is available for sb提供給某人某物。

　　6. Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's. own personality and one's life.

　　[參考譯文]  死亡是戲劇化的一次性危機，而老年卻是日復一日、年復一年與強大的內外力量抗爭的過程，即逐漸認識自我個性和生命的苦樂參半的過程。

　　[結構分析]  該句可拆分為三大段：(Deathi3adramatic，one-time crisis)(while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces，)(a bittersweet coming，to terms with one's own personality and one's life)，第一、二段是由while連接的兩個并列句，第三段是一個動名詞短語，作前面confrontation的同位語；第一段中Death是主語，is是謂語，crisis是表語，dramatic，one-time均作crisis的定語，第二段中old age是主語，is是謂語，confrontation是表語，day-by-day，year-by-year均作confrontation的定語，with．．．forces是介詞短語，作confrontation的后置定語，powerful，external，internal三詞作forces的并列定語，第三段的核心結構是coming to terms with．．．，with引導的介詞短語作terms的后定語。該句翻譯時要將同位語結構單獨作為一個句子處理。

　　[知識鏈接]  dramatic戲劇性的(來自drama戲劇)；one-time一次性的；crisis危機；while而(表轉折)；day-by-day日復一日的；year-by-year年復一年的；confrontation對抗，斗爭(源自confront面對)；external外在的，外部的(前綴ex-表“外”)；internal內在的(前綴in-表“里”)，bittersweet苦樂參半的，有苦有甜的；come to terms with…與……相識，了解……，如：He likes to come to terms with celebrities他喜歡結交名人；personality個性。

　　7. The tragedy of old age is not the fact that each of us must grow old and die but that the  process of doing so has been made unnecessarily and at times excruciatingly painful,  humiliating, debilitating and isolating through insensitivity, ignorance and poverty.

　　[參考譯文]  老年的悲劇并不在于我們每個人必會衰老直至死亡，而在于這樣的過程由于麻木不仁、愚昧無知以及貧困潦倒而有時變得痛苦難耐、備受屈辱、心力交瘁。

　　[結構分析]  該句的主干結構為；The tragedy．．．is not the，fact that．．．but that．．．，The tragedy是主語，is是謂語，not the fact，but．．．作表語，but之后省略了the fact，兩個that引導的從句作the fact的同位語；第一個that從句中grow是系動詞；第二個that從句的主干為：the process．．．has  been  made  painful，  humiliating，  debilitating  and  isolating。  painful，humiliating，debilitating，，isolating四個形容詞作主語the process的補足語；through insensitivity，ignorance and poverty是介詞短語作狀語，of doing so介詞短語作the process的后置定語，so指代前面的grow old and die；unnecessarily and excruciatingly為并列副詞，修飾其后的四個形容詞，at times是時間狀語。翻譯第二個同位語從句時要把through介詞短語移至前面，這是英譯漢常見的變通原則。

　　[知識鏈接]  tragedy悲劇，聯想記憶：comedy喜��；grow old衰老；unnecessarily不必要的；at times有時；excruciatingly難以忍受地；painful痛苦的(來自pain痛苦)，聯想記憶：painless沒有痛苦的，毫不費力的；humiliating令人屈辱的；debilitating虛弱的；isolating孤獨的；insensitivity麻木不仁(來自sensitive敏感的)，聯想記憶：sensible明智的，senseless沒有道理的；ignorance無知(來自ignore忽視)，聯想記憶：ignorant無知的，be ignorant of．．．對……不了解，ignorance無知，be in ignorance of．．．．對……不了解；poverty貧困。