20年來考研英語真題超綱詞匯大集合

    Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations (n.)．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]迷幻劑主要影響人的感知，通過多種方式對感知加以扭曲或改變，其中包括產生幻覺。

    healthcare n．衛生保健

    The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48：while) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens(49：imposed)by employment rules，healthcare (n.) costs and pension plans．[1997年完形]

    [譯文]這種現象可以使公司保持全球范圍的競爭力，同時避免了市場的惡性循環和由于雇傭規定、醫療保險費用和養老金計劃所造成的壓力。

    holodeck n．全息艙面

    In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck (n．)will be a reality．[2001年翻譯]

    [譯文]再過不到30年，“星球旅行”號的全息艙面就會變為現實。

    homicide n．殺人，殺人者

    “It's like surgery，”he says，“We don’t call those deaths homicides (n.) because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients，although they risked their death．If you’re a physician，you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide．”[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]“這就像做手術，”他說，“我們不能稱那些死亡為殺人是因為醫生并沒有故意殺死病人，盡管他們敢冒病人死亡的危險。假定你是一名醫生，只要你并沒有故意讓病人自殺，你就可以去冒令你的病人自殺的風險。”

    horrify v．使恐怖

    That's a prospect that horrifies (v.) Net purists．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]這種前景讓網絡純粹主義者感到不安。

    hospice n．旅客住宿處，收容所

    The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices (n.)，to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]醫療行業采取步驟，讓年輕醫生去晚期病人休養所培訓，對各種大膽的鎮痛療法方面的知識進行評估，為醫院護理制定一份符合美國醫療保障方案的付款條例，以及為評估和治療臨終痛苦制定新的標準。

    humane a．仁慈的，人道的

    Research institutions could be opened to tours，to show that laboratory animals receive humane (a.) care．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]科研機構應該對外開放，讓人參觀，向人們展示實驗室里的動物獲得了人道的對待。

    husbandry n．畜牧業

    Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (n.) technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment?although no one had proposed to do so?and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]他(克林頓總統)宣稱反對利用這種非同尋常的畜牧學技術去克隆人，并下令禁止使用聯邦資金做這樣的實驗??盡管還沒有人提議要那樣做??并責令成立一個由普林斯頓大學校長哈羅德•夏皮羅為首的獨立專家小組，在90天內拿出有關克隆人的國家政策的建議，向白宮匯報。

    hydroelectric　a．水力電氣的

    Hydroelectric (a.) power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]水利發電、治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水壩也是可能的，不一定非要建大壩。

    hyperactive a．活動過度的，極度活躍的

    The process sweeps from hyperactive (a.) America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might．[2001年閱讀)

    [譯文]這個浪潮從異常活躍的美國席卷到歐洲，并以不可比擬的威力影響到正在崛起的國家。

    hypocritical a．偽善的，偽善者的

    Instead，we are treated to fine hypocritical (a.) Spectacles，which now more than ever seem in ample supply．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]相反我們目睹了比以前任何時候都多的虛偽景觀。

    impartial a．公平的，不偏不倚的

    The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs．anti-science”is_______．

    [A]impartial (a.)[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]作者對“科學與反科學”這場爭端的態度_________。

    [A]公平的

    impoverish vt．使貧窮，使枯竭

    To take advantage of this tool，some impoverished (vt.) countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]要想利用互聯網，某些貧困國家必須克服對國外投資所持的過時了的反殖民的種種偏見。

    intellect n．智力

    But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect(n.)and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]但并不是所有大腦的部位都參與活動；控制情緒的大腦部位異常活躍，然而控制智力和理性的大腦部位卻相對平靜。

    inconclusive a．非決定性的，不確定的

    That the evidence was inconclusive (a.)，the science uncertain? [2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]證據不充分，沒有科學定論?

    ingenuity n．機靈，獨創性，精巧，靈活性

    Since the dawn of human ingenuity (n.)，people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous．boring, burdensome，or just plain nasty．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]從人類比較初有了智慧至今，人們一直在設計日益巧妙的工具來處理那些危險的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是簡單骯臟的工作。

    interpretation n．解釋，闡明，口譯，通譯

    (39：Publication)of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a(40：storm)of media protest when he said the(41：interpretation (n.)) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges(42：rather than)to Parliament．[2001年完形]

    [譯文]Irvine勛爵說，對歐洲立法中所包涵的關于個人隱私監控權的解釋，將留給法官，而不是議會，這招致新聞媒體的一片抗議。此后兩天，此信被公之于世。

    ineptly ad．不適當地，無能地

    First，some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly (ad.) done．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]一種解釋是近年來所進行的公司重組也許并未奏效。

    inflationary a．通貨膨脹的，通貨膨脹傾向的

    If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary (a.) universe theory．[1998年翻譯]

    [譯文]假如那些小熱點看上去同預測的一致，那就意味著又一科學論說的勝利，這種論說即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹學說。

    info n．①消息；②資料；③信息

    A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide?the division of the world into the info (n．③) (information) rich and the info poor．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]今天，人們十分關注所謂的是信息差異問題??世界上信息資源豐富的地區和信息資源貧乏的地區之間的差異；

    infringement n．違反，侵害

    Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements (n.) to fair competition?[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]當一個國家對破壞公平競爭的行為的處理過于嚴厲時，跨國公司會不會把它們的生產從一地轉到另一地呢?

    inhuman a．野蠻的

    Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________．

    [B]inhuman (a.) and unacceptable[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]被誤導的人們往往認為：在研究中使用動物是______。

    [B]不人道、不可接受的

    innate a．先天的，天生的

    Its hero avoids being civilized?going to school and learning to read?so he can preserve his innate (a.) goodness．[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]該書(馬克•吐溫的小說《哈克貝利•芬》)的主人公逃避教化??不上學和不學習讀書寫字??因此他才得以保住善良的天性。

    innermost a．比較里面的，內心的，秘密的

    Researchers have come to believe that dreams________．

    [C]reflect our innermost (a.) desires and fears[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]研究人員比較終認識到夢________。

    [C]反映了我們內心的愿望和恐懼

    insatiable a．不知足的，貪求無厭的

    Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable (a.) curiosity．[2003年翻譯]

    [譯文]人類既善于思考又善于創造，擁有永不滿足的好奇心。

    insidious a．陰險的

    But one insidious (a.) form continues to thrive：alphabetism. [2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]但是有一種隱蔽的(歧視)形式還在蔓延：按字母表順序排名。

    instantaneously ad．立即

    But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously (ad.) focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]但是人的大腦能夠掃描一個快速變化的場景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物體，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一張可疑的臉。

    juggle v．雜耍，同時做(兩種以上活動等)

    For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling(vi．)through the’80s，downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life?growing your own organic vegetables，and risking turning into one?as a personal recognition of your limitations．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]對我們這一代女性來說，整個80年代我們曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的簡化生活與其說是尋求神話般的好生活一自己種有機蔬菜并試圖與之合一一倒不如說我們都認識了自身的局限。

    jurisdiction n．權限

    So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list，they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction (n.) that would help their budgets and patients．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]所以，在下一次，當省政府官員們在尼亞加拉瀑布再次開會時，他們不僅要繼續爭論藥品價格；而且還會在預算和病人的管轄權上吵的聲嘶力竭。

    lawsuit n．訴訟

    In May，Julie Nimmons，president of Schutt Sports in Illinois，successfully fought a lawsuit (n.) involving a foot ball player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]五月份，伊利諾斯州的Schutt體育公司總裁朱利•尼蒙斯就成功地打贏了這樣一場官司。一名橄欖球隊員戴著該公司的頭盔在一場比賽中受傷癱瘓，遂將該公司告上法庭。

    landmark n．里程碑，劃時代的事

    What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite?Cobe?had discovered landmark (n.) evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)．[1998年翻譯]

    [譯文]研究人員所發現的宇宙云系既令人驚訝，又是人們所期待的，因為美國國家航空航天局的宇宙前景探索者Cobe號衛星已經發現了劃時代的證據證明宇宙的確起源于比較早的一次爆炸，即人們一直所稱的“大爆炸”(此理論認為宇宙起源于一大團能量)。

    linguist n．語言學家

    As a linguist(n.)，he acknowledges that all varieties of human language，including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive?there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]作為一位語言學家，他承認多種多樣的人類語言，包括那些非標準的語言，比如黑人英語，都具有極強的表達力一世上沒有傳達不了復雜思想的語言和方言。

    limbic a．邊緣的

    But not all pans of the brain are equally involved；the lirnbic(a．)system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active．while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]但并不是所有大腦的部位都參與活動；控制情緒的大腦部位異常活躍，然而控制智力和理性的大腦部位卻相對平靜。

    lining n．內襯，襯里

    Many folks see silver linings(n.)to this slowdown．[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]許多人對于經濟減速抱有樂觀的希望。

    liken vt．把…比作

    Hence the analogy that likens (vt.) the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]因此，才會有人將貨幣政策的指導作用比做是駕駛一輛帶有黑色擋風玻璃、破碎的后視鏡及方向盤失靈的汽車。

    literate n．學者；a．有文化的，有閱讀和寫作能力的

    Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics，especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate (a.) and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]為什么要提小學教育?正是因為有了這些學校，我們的早期技工才普遍能讀會寫，并精通算術及部分幾何和三角，這種情況在新英格蘭和大西洋中部各洲尤為可見。

    livelihood n．生活，生計

    Rather，we have a certain conception of the American citizen，a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood (n.) and happiness are affected by things outside of himself．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]我們更應該具有的是作為美國公民的某種觀念，即他必須準確判斷自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影響的，否則他的公民特征就是不完整的。

    lockout n．停工，封廠

    The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout (n.) taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]罷工和封廠的無情懲罰使雙方學會了互相尊重對方的力量，理解公正談判的價值。

    logo n．標識語

    “Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”“human”and logos (n.) “the study of．”[2003年翻譯]

    [譯文]“Anthropology”(人類學)一詞來源于希臘詞“anthropos”(人類)和“loges”(研究)。

    manifestation n．顯示，表現，示威運動

    At Time Warner，however，such questions are simply the latest manifestation (n.) of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]不過，對于成立于1990年的時代華納公司而言，這樣的質問僅僅只是公司自我反思的比較新表現。

    marketplace n．集會場所，市場

    “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace (n．)?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]我們是否真地想讓鐵路公司成為在市場上決定誰敗誰榮的裁決者呢?”馬丁•貝科維奇問道，他是一位常常代表鐵路客戶的華盛頓律師。

    maximize vt．比較大值，比較佳化

    Thus，in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize (vt.) profits and the desire，of individuals to maximize their incomes，that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it．[1994年閱讀]

    [譯文]因此，在美國經濟體制中，消費者個人的需求，加上商人獲取比較大利潤的追求及消費者想比較大限度提高購買力的愿望三者共同決定應該生產什么和如何利用資源來生產這些產品。

    manicurist n．指甲修飾師

    But the 47-year-old manicurist (n.) isn't cutting，filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to，either．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯受]但是，這位四十七歲的指甲修飾師修剪、銼磨、上油的指甲數量卻難遂其愿了。

    manifesto n．宣言，聲明

    Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto (n.)，published in 1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]將該詞(反科學)用在仇視現代文明的恐怖主義者身上，也不會引起多大爭議，它在1995年公開發表蔑視科學、渴望回到前技術時代理想社會的聲明。

    marathon n．馬拉松賽跑，耐力賽

    Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences：remember that Pheidippides，the first marathon (n.) runner, dropped dead seconds after saying：“Rejoice，we conquer!”[1995年閱讀]

    [譯文]過分地熱衷于獲勝會產生危險的后果：記住，第一位跑馬拉松的費迪皮迪茲在說完“歡呼吧，我們贏了”之后幾秒就倒地而死。

    markedly ad．顯著地，明顯地

    However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers，so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock，their behaviour became markedly (ad.) different．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]但是當兩只猴子被分別關在相鄰的籠子之后，而且每只猴子還能看到對方用石頭交換了什么物品時，它們的行為習慣發生了明顯的變化。

    media n．媒體

    In Europe，as elsewhere，multi-media (n.) groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television，radio，newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another．[2005年翻譯]

    [譯文]像其他地方一樣，歐洲的傳媒集團越來越成功，這些集團將相關的電視、廣播、報紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

    methodology n．方法學，方法論

    There is no agreement whether methodology(n．) refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry．[1999年翻譯]

    [譯文]所謂方法是指在一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。

    medication n．藥物治療，藥物處理，藥物

    Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

    [C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication (n.) can be prescribed．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]根據本文，下面哪項說法正確?

    [C]法院裁定，醫生可以開大劑量減輕病痛的藥。

    millennium n．太平盛世，一千年

    Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium (n.) technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place．[2001年翻譯]

    [譯文]皮爾森匯集世界各地數百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的新技術千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數百項重大突破和發現的比較遲日期。

    mediation n．仲裁，調停，調解

    Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center，contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation (n.) to control their pain if that might hasten death．”[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]蒙特非奧里醫療中心主任南希•都博勒認為，這項原則將消除部分醫生的疑慮，這些醫生在此之前一直強烈地認為，如果給病人充分的藥品來止痛會加速他們的死亡的話，那就不能這樣做。

    mediocrity n．平常，平凡

    The grand mediocrity (n.) of today?everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring?means that natural selection has lost 80％of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]今天這種極其顯著的平均化??每個人的生存機會和子女數量都相同??意味著與部落相比較，自然選擇在印度中、上層已經失去了80％的效力。

    megamerger n．大規模合并

    A few weeks ago，Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers (n.) in the banking industry．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]幾星期以前，格林斯潘對銀行業的巨大合并發出了警告。

    milestone n．里程碑，轉折點

    The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones (n.) that mark the passage of the plates．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]熱點及其火山痕跡是板塊移動的標志。

    miniaturization n. 小型化

    And thanks to the continual miniaturization (n.) of electronics and micro-mechanics，there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy?far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]由于電子和微觀機械儀器的不斷縮小，現在已有一些機器人系統能夠進行精確到微米的腦部和骨髓手術，其精確性遠遠超過熟練的醫生用他們的雙手所能達到的水平。

    misdeed n．罪行，犯罪

    Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (n.) or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]

    [譯文]將少年犯罪主要歸咎于個人的理論認為少年犯罪是因為他們以前的過錯沒有得到足夠的懲罰，或是因為他們在和其他人交往的過程中學會了犯罪行為。

    momentarily ad．即刻，暫時地

    From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.

    [C]easily and momentarily (ad.)[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]從比較后一段我們可總結出：應____擁有雄心。

    [C]輕松、暫時地

    morphine n．嗎啡

    Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine (n.) to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]近年來，醫生們一直在借用這項原則，為自己替病危患者注射大劑量的嗎啡鎮痛的做法提供正當的理由，盡管他們知道，不斷增加的劑量比較終會殺死病人。

    municipality n．市政當局，自治市

    At the same time the great municipalities (n.) went into business to supply lighting，trams and other services to the taxpayers．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]與此同時，大城市也開始涉足實業界，為納稅人提照明、電車及其他服務。

    mutability n．易變性

    Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents，so hot spots may explain their mutability (n.) (inconstancy)．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]這樣，正像早期的理論解釋了大陸的移動性一樣，熱點理論或許能解釋大陸板塊的不穩定性。

    neural a．神經系統的，神經中樞的

    By the late 1970s，neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by-products of the neural (a.) -repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]到了20世紀70年代，神經學專家又轉而把夢視作“精神上的雜音”一睡夢中神經修復工作的隨機性副產品。

    newsletter n．時事通訊

    However，the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be(27：wise) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers，(28：for example)，publishing newsletters (n.) with many student-written book reviews，(29：displaying) student artwork，and sponsoring book discussion clubs．[2003年完形]

    [譯文]然而，青少年的生活已經充滿競爭，所以為他們安排贏家多于輸家的各種活動是明智的。例如，出版由學生自己撰編書評的新聞小冊子，展出學生的藝術品和贊助成立讀書俱樂部等等。

    newsroom n．編輯部，閱覽室

    There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers，which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom (n.) seem alien to many readers．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節，這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。

    negligence n．疏忽

    The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because _____．

    [A]they both suffered from the government's negligence(n．)[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]作者將全球變暖問題與吸煙相聯系是因為_______。

    [A]兩者都被政府忽視了

    neurologist n.神經學家

    By the late 1970s，neurologists (n.) had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by products of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]到了20世紀70年代，神經學專家又轉而把夢視作“精神上的雜音”??睡夢中神經修復工作的隨機性副產品。

    nonconformist a．／n．不符合傳統規范的(人)，不墨守成規舊習的(人)

    Straitford is most proud of its_______．

    [B]nonconformist (n.) image[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]“Straitford”感到比較驕傲的是它的_______。

    [B]不落俗套的現象

    nuclei n．①(nucleus的復數形)核心；②原子核

    NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei (n．①)to create a child．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]NBAC計劃呼吁繼續禁止使用聯邦政府基金利用人體細胞核去克隆嬰兒的任何企圖。

    oncogene n．致癌基因

    If several oncogenes (n.) are driven into action，the cell，unable to turn them off，beeoines cancerous．[1994年閱讀]

    [譯文]如果若干致癌基因被激活，細胞無力排除也就演變成了癌細胞。

    oncologist n．腫瘤學家

    “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process，”says oncologist (n.) Williarn Hayward．[1994年閱讀]

    [譯文]“變化是進化過程中的一個正常部分，”腫瘤專家威廉•海沃德說道。

    optimism n．樂觀，樂觀主義

    History and news become confused，and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism (n.)[2005年翻譯]

    [譯文]歷史和新聞往往混為一談，人們的這種印象往往也是懷疑和樂觀的混合體。

    outburst n．(火山、感情等)爆發、噴出，突發，破裂

    What accounts for the great outburst (n.) of major inventions in early America?breakthroughs such as the telegraph，the steamboat and the weaving machine?[1 996年閱讀]

    [譯文]在早期美國，像電報、汽船和織布機這樣重大的發明紛涌而出，這是什么原因呢?

    outcry n．大聲疾呼

    Amid the outcry (n.)，many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]在一片抗議聲中，許多保守黨領導人正在力圖回復到戰前，強調道德教育。

    outpour v．(使)瀉出，(使)流出；n．傾注，流出物

    The best title for this passage might be______．

    [D]Outpouring (v.) of Inventions[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]對本文來說比較佳的標題可能是______。

    [D]發明的涌現

    overfund vt．對…提供充足資金

    As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]作為一個民族，我們可能在尋求不可能奏效的治療方法上花錢太多，而在研究能提高人們生活質量的更平常的方法上花錢太少。

    overstate vt．夸大，夸張

    In Line 8, Paragraph 1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means____.

    [B]Americans tend to overstate (vt.) their incomes[1994年閱讀]

    [譯文]第一段第八行中的“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”指_____。

    [B]美國人往往夸大他們的收入

    panick v．使驚慌，使恐慌；n．驚慌，恐慌

    Consumers seem only concerned，not panicked (v.)，and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects，even as they do some modest belt-tightening．[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]消費者只是略有擔心，并沒有恐慌，許多人雖然稍微勒緊腰帶，但他們說對于經濟的長期前景還是樂觀的。

    paralysis n．癱瘓，麻痹

    Instead of a plan of action，they continue to press for more research?a classic of“paralysis (n.) by analysis．”[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]不但沒有行動計劃，反而取而代之的是他們在反復不斷地敦促繼續研究??一個典型的通過分析來拖延，大事化小，小事化了的案例。

    pancreas n．胰腺

    But other survival statistics are still discouraging?13 percent for lung cancer，and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (n.)．[1994年閱讀]

    [譯文]但其他類型癌癥的存活數據卻仍令人沮喪一一肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。

    paraphrase v．解釋；n．解釋

    To paraphrase (v.) 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke，“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing．”[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]18世紀政治家埃德蒙•博克曾說過類似這樣的話，“誤導之所以得逞，就是因為好人無所作為”。

    participatory a．供人分享的，參與的

    The journalist advocating participatory (a.) democracy in all phases of life，whose own children are enrolled in private schools．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]倡導終生參與民主制的新聞記者卻把自己的子女送進私立學校。

    partisan n．幫派(之爭)

    In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered，it is also frequently partial or partisan (n.)．[1999年翻譯]

    [譯文]這樣的研究中所發現的證據總是不完整的，通常也會帶來片面性，還會出現幫派之爭。

    pathway n．路徑

    “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway (n.) between them and the supplier，”says senior analyst Blanc Erwin of Forrester Research．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]Forrester研究所的高級分析師布蘭•歐文說，“商家需要認識到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應商之間的這種途徑。”

    patriarchal a．家長的，族長的

    The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands，but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal (a.) system of the old family business now passing away．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]領取報酬后代表公司經營的經理與工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的關系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的舊式家族企業的家長制中的雇主那樣對工人有著親近的、個人化的了解。

    perception n．①洞察力；②理解力;③知覺

    What they found，in attempting to model thought，is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented?and human perception(n．③)far more complicated?than previously imagined．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]在試圖建造思維模型的過程中，研究人員發現，人類大腦中的近1，000億個神經細胞要比以前想像的更聰明，人類的感覺器官也比以前想像的更復雜。

    pervasive a．普遍深入的

    symptoms of pervasive (a．)anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find．[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]學校里不難發現反學識傾向的普遍表現。

    penalize v．處罰

    Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized (v.) for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]

    [譯文]將少年犯罪主要歸咎于個人的理論認為少年犯罪是因為他們以前的過錯沒有得到足夠的懲罰，或是因為他們在和其他人交往的過程中學會了犯罪行為。

    perceptual a．知覺的，有知覺的

    First of all，most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual (a.) distortions．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]首先，大多數物質的過量使用都會產生負面的影響，如中毒或嚴重的知覺錯亂。

    permissible a．可允許的

    Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects?a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen?is permissible (a.) if the actor intends only the good effect．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]盡管裁決認為，憲法沒有賦予醫生幫助病人自殺的權利，然而比較高法庭實際上卻認可了醫療界的“雙效”原則，這個存在了好幾個世紀的道德原則認為，如果某種行為具有雙重效果(希望達到的好效果和可以預見得到的壞效果)，那么，只要行為實施只是想達到好的效果，這個行為就是可以允許的。

    permissive a．許可的，放縱的

    Blaming the permissive (a.) 1960s is nothing new，but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]責難放縱的60年代并不新鮮，但這并不是另一份批評教育滑坡的長篇大論。

    pharmaceutical n．藥物；a．制藥(學)上的

    Of course，the pharmaceutical(a.) companies will scream．They like divided buyers；they can lobby better that way．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]當然藥廠不會同意，他們喜歡散客買家，那樣他們可以暗中運作。

    populate v．①居住；②開墾

    As a result the modern world is increasingly popu]ated (v．①) by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]因此，現代社會有了越來越多的智能裝置，雖然我們幾乎都注意不到它們，但它們的普遍存在卻節省了許多人類勞動。

    predominance n．優勢

    Just as inevitably，the retreat from predominance(n.) proved painful．[2000年閱讀1]

    [譯文]從優勢地位上退出的痛苦也同樣是不可避免的。

    primacy n．首位

    A comparison of Brirish geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy(n．)of research，but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]對過去一個半世紀的英國地質出版物進行比較，我們不但發現人們對研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且發現人們對可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。

    provincial a. ①省的．區域的[生] a．②(貶)眼光狹隘的，守舊的，迂腐的

    What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial(a.) body much like the recently created National Health Council．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]全國性指什么?羅曼諾先生和科比議員的建議是，像近來創立的國家健康咨詢中心那樣，是一個各省聯邦的實體。

    psychoactive a．作用于精神的，影響(或改變)心理狀態的

    Psychoactive(a.) substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants，depressants，or hallucinogens．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]影響精神狀態的物質通常分為興奮劑、鎮靜劑和迷幻劑。

    prefrontal a．額葉前部的，前額的

    But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；[he limbic system (the“emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal (a.) cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]但并不是所有大腦的部位都參與活動；控制情緒的大腦部位異常活躍，然而控制智力和理性的大腦部位卻相對平靜。

    pushing a．有進取心的，急切的

    What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams，as easily and openly as once they could，lest they be thought pashing (a．)，acquisitive and vulgar．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]現在的情況是人們不能像以前那樣輕易地、公開地坦陳自己的夢想，惟恐別人認為自己愛出風頭、貪婪、庸俗不堪。

    pipeline n．管道，傳遞途徑

    Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism／evolution are in the publisher's pipelines(n.)．A few have already appeared．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]有傳言說，有20多本關于創世紀論與進化論之爭的書即將出版，有幾本已經面世了。

    pointless a．無意義的

    Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_______．

    [D]pointless (a.) and wasteful[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]被誤導的人們往往認為：在研究中使用動物_______。

    [D]沒有意義、純屬浪費

    populace n．平民

    Specialists (48：in) history and economics，have (49：shown) two things：that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50：marked) by great poverty，and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace (n．)．[1998年完形]

    [譯文]歷史和經濟方面的專家們已經證明了兩點：第一，極端貧困是1650年至1750年這段時期的標志；第二，工業化肯定沒有使大多數民眾的生活狀況惡化。或許，正是工業化才真正改善了大多數平民的生活狀況。

    populist a．大眾化的

    From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist (n.) urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism．[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]霍夫斯塔特說：自我們的歷史之初，我們對民主化和大眾化的渴望就驅使我們排斥任何帶有精英優越論味道的東西。

    practicable a．能實行的，行得通的，可以實行的

    Everybody gets ideas，but innovators work consciously on theirs，and they follow them through until they prove practicable (a.) or otherwise．[1994年閱讀]

    [譯文]每一個人都有想法，但創新者會自覺地鉆研他的想法，并不懈努力直到證明想法切實可行或不可行。

    preconception n．預想，偏見

    Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas．[1996年翻譯]

    [譯文]然而，在不同的發展過程中，有些不怎么合理一在這些發展過程中，一些權威人士對科學研究應該采取的方式有偏見，從而改變了不同科學領域的發展模式。

    preoccupation n．當務之急

    If the preoccupation (n.) of schools with academic work was lessened，more time might be spent teaching children surer values．[1995年閱讀]

    [譯文]如果學校對學業的強調減少一些，也許就有更多的時間教孩子更重要的價值觀念。

    presumptively ad．據推測

    He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively (ad.) ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension．”[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]他說，行醫資格理事會“必須明確表明一病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于醫生處理不力造成的，應該因此吊銷其從醫資格”。

    presumptuous a．專橫的。自以為是的

    It is，however，presumptuous (a.) to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists，so many businessmen，so many accountants．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]然而，去臆斷科學家、商人、會計職位的數量就太自以為是了。

    primeval a．原始的

    What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite?Cobe?had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin With the primeval (a.) explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)．[1998年翻譯]

    [譯文]研究人員所發現的宇宙云系既令人驚訝，又是人們所期待的，因為美國國家航空航天局的宇宙前景探索者Cobe號衛星已經發現了劃時代的證據證明宇宙的確起源于比較早的一次爆炸，即人們一直所稱的“大爆炸”(此理論認為宇宙起源于一大團能量)。

    profess v．表示，公開承認

    This does not mean that ambition is at an end，that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings，but only that, no longer openly honored，it is less openly professed (v.).[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]但這并不意味著雄心已經窮途末路，人們不再感覺到它對人們的激勵了，只是人們不再公開地以它為榮，更不愿公開地承認了。

    prompting n．促進，激勵，提示

    This does not mean that ambition is at an end．that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings(n.)，but only that．no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]但這并不意味著雄心已經窮途末路，人們不再感覺到它對人們的激勵了，只是人們不再公開地以它為榮，更不愿公開地承認了。

    promptness n．敏捷，機敏

    For personal growth，the author advocates all of the following except______.

    [B]promptness (n.) in self-adaptation[1995年閱讀]

    [譯文]對于個人成長，下面所有各項中作者不倡導______。

    [B]自我迅速適應

    provincialist n．地方居民，鄉下人

    A．Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist (n.) ideology．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]A．魁北克省拒絕加入全國性代理機構是出于地方保護主義思想。

    psychedelic a．起幻覺的，迷幻的；n．迷幻劑

    These are the substances often called psychedelic (n.) (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifestation”) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]這些物質常被稱為迷幻劑(該醋源于希臘語，指“心靈顯現”)，因為它們似乎能完全改變人的意識狀態。

    publicize v．宣揚

    I have discovered，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized (v.) resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，that abandoning the doctrine of“juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into“downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]我已經發現(由于壓力過大，凱爾茜已多次公開宣稱要辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務，在這之后她也許會有同樣發現)放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學，轉而過一種“放慢生活節奏”的生活所帶來的回報，比經濟成功和社會地位更有價值。

    quadruple a．四倍的，四重的；vt．使成四倍；vi．成為四倍

    This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock，when prices quadrupled (vt.)，and 1979-1980，when they also almost tripled．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]這次近3倍的漲價令人想起了1973年和1979至1980年兩次可怕的石油恐慌，當時的油價分別漲了4倍和近3倍。

    rearview n．(車輛上的)后視鏡

    Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview (n.) mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]因此，才會有人將貨幣政策的指導作用比做是駕駛一輛帶有黑色擋風玻璃、破碎的后視鏡及方向盤失靈的汽車。

    reasoning n．推理；推論

    When that happens，it is not a mistake：it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning(n.) in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at．[1997年翻譯]

    [譯文]這種反應并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應得到鼓勵，而不應受到嘲弄。

    revival n．蘇醒，復興，復活，再生效，復蘇

    The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival(n.)in the underlying trend．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]問題在于，近年發生的生產力快速增長部分是由于商業周期通常到了這時候就會出現的反彈造成的，因此，還不能作為一次確鑿的證據來證實在這一潛在的趨勢背后會出現經濟復蘇的跡象。

    receptor n．接受器，感受器，受體

    The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (n．) (19：available)for unfamiliar and emergency signals(20：such as)the smell of smoke．which might indicate the danger of fire．[2005年完形]

    [譯文]我們發現，大腦能在有不熟悉或緊急信號時，使嗅覺接收器工作，例如，煙味就是著火和危險的信號。

    redundancy n．冗余

    While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies (n.) caused by downsizing in the late'80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]在美國，這種趨勢一開始是對經濟衰落所做出的一種反應一出現于80年代后期縮小經濟規模導致大規模裁員??在英國，至少在我所認識的中產階級的簡化生活者中，這種趨勢仍被認為與節儉政治有關聯，雖然如此，然而我們有著不同的理由使自己的生活簡單化。

    referee n．仲裁人，調解人，裁判員；v．仲裁，裁判

    The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs，a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing (v.)，first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]其整體的結果是使業余人員進入專業性地質學雜志更加困難，而審稿制度的全面引進使這個結果得到加強。這一制度開始是在19世紀的全國性雜志進行，進入20世紀后也在一些地方性地質雜志實行。

    reformatory a．①改革的；②起改革作用的

    The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is_____．

    [D]radically reformatory (a.①)[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]作者認為：目前匆忙將計算機引入課堂的做法_______。

    [D]具有徹底的革命性

    remold vt．改造

    The emergence of the Net has_______．

    [B]remolded (vt.) the intelligence services[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]網絡的出現已經_______．

    [B]重塑了情報業

    revere v．尊敬

    While history once revered (v.) its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past．[1999年翻譯]

    [譯文]當歷史學曾經重視其與文學和哲學的密切關系時，新興的社會科學似乎提供了更多探求新問題的機會，并且為了解過去提供了有價值的研究方法。

    righteous a．正直的，正當的，正義的

    Feelings of righteous (a.) indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]看起來，義憤不僅僅是人類獨有的。

    scanty a．缺乏的，稀疏的

    Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty (a.).[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]目前證明這股合并浪潮是帶來利還是弊的實例并不多。

    scapegoat n．替罪羊

    You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats (n.) like the Post Office or the telephone system．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]如果你選擇去評論郵局或電話局這樣的替罪羊，那你就會處于比較安全的境地。

    schism n．分裂

    The schism (n.) between science and the humanities has，if anything，deepened in this century．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]本世紀，(自然)科學與人文科學之間的分裂更深了。

    sensory a．感覺的，感官的

    “By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory (a.) environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck”he says．[2001年翻譯]

    [譯文]他說：“通過直接與我們的神經系統連接起來，計算機可以感知我們感覺到的東西，并且，它有希望模仿感覺，致使我們能夠發展全方位感知環境，就像電影《全部回憶》中的假期或特列克星號上的全息艙面。”

    shareholder n．股東

    The “shareholders(n.)” as such had no knowledge of the lives，thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares，and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]這類股東不了解他們所持股的公司里工人們的生活、思想和需求。他們對勞資關系也不會產生積極的影響。

    shipper n．托運人，發貨人，貨主

    Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers(n.)fear that they will，as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]誰來支付其余的費用?許多“被控”客戶擔心他們會因為南諾弗克和CSX公司將增加對市場的控制。

    shortlist n．比較后候選人名單

    Shortlists (n.) for job interviews，election ballot papers，lists of conference speakers and attendees：all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them．[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]求職面試、選舉投票、會議發言或參加會議等諸多名單，也是按字母表順序排序的，當人們費勁地向下查看時，興趣隨之索然。

    silt n．淤泥，泥沙；v．(使)淤塞，充塞

    The Aswan Dam，for example，stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt (n.) that floods left?all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]以阿斯旺大壩為例，它阻止了尼羅河洪水泛濫，但也使埃及失去了洪水沖擊過后留下的肥沃土壤,換回來的是這么一個有弊病的水庫。現在這個水庫積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發電了。

    sizable a．相當大的，大小相當的

    A sizable (a.) portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]世界上很多地區才剛剛走出經濟衰落。

    skepticism n．懷疑論

    History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism (n.) and optimism．[2005年翻譯]

    [譯文]歷史和新聞往往混為一談，人們的這種印象往往也是懷疑和樂觀的混合體。

    skyrocket v．暴漲，猛漲

    Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket (v.) with annual increases from 14．3 percent to 26．8 per cent![2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]A．魁北克省藥品保險基金發現藥品價格一年就從14．3％暴漲到26．8％!

    smallpox n．天花

    A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well．from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox (n.) virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]1996年對新聞報道的調查表明，反科學的標簽也貼在了許多其他群體上，這些人包括從提倡消滅所有現存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡議削減基礎研究基金的共和黨人。

    sovereignty n．君主，主權，主權國家

    Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty (n.) might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]那些認為外國投資是對本國主權的侵犯的國家比較好還是研究一下美國的基礎設施(社會的基本結構基礎)建設歷史。

    spatial a．空間的

    They are both experts in spatial (a．)thinking．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]他們都是空間(立體)思維的專家。

    spontaneity n．自發性

    In both oral and written English．talking is triumphing over speaking，spontaneity (n.) over craft．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]無論作為口語還是書面語言的英語，侃侃而談勝過了雅致的言辭，而自我發揮也經過了精心準備。

    spook n．間諜，特務

    The spooks (n.) call it “open-source intelligence”，and as the Net grows，it is becoming increasingly influential．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]間諜們把它稱為“公開渠道情報”，隨著互聯網的增長，這樣的情報變得越來越有影響力。

    spymaster n．間諜首腦

    Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution，a spymaster's (n.) dream．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]該公司的總裁喬治•弗萊德曼說，他把網絡世界視為情報收集和情報發布兩方面相互增強的工具，這是間諜大師的夢想。

    standstill n．靜止，停頓

    Population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill(n.)．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文](美國)東北部和中西部的人口已接近零增長。

    stark a．刻板的，完全的；ad．完全地

    The problem is simple and stark (a.①)：health-care costs have been，are，and will continue to increase faster than government revenues．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]問題簡單而又顯而易見，那就是，健康福利的支出過去、現在和將來都會比政府稅收增加得快。

    statistics　n．統計學，統計表

    This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics(n.) that show that out of eighty European television networks，no less than 50％ took a loss in 1989．[2005年翻譯]

    [譯文]這一點就足以證明，要在電視行業里生存下來并非易事，統計數字尤其說明了這一事實，在80個歐洲電視網中，多達一半在1989年虧損。

    stepladder n．活梯

    Today，stepladders (n.) carry labels several inches long that warn，among other things，that you might?surprised!?fall off．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]現在，梯子上警告標簽有幾英寸長，除了警告你其他可能發生的意外情況外，還警告你可能會摔下來，簡直是莫名其妙!

    stimulant n．刺激物，興奮劑

    Stimulants (n.) initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants slow it down.[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經系統的作用，而鎮靜劑則相反：減緩它的活動。

    stimulus n．刺激物，促進因素，刺激

    A further stimulus (n．) to invention came from the“premium”system，which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]推動發明的另一激勵因素來自“獎賞”制度，它產生于我們的專利制度之前，且多年來與后者一同實施。

    stirring a．激動人心的，活躍的，忙碌的; n．激勵

    This does not mean that ambition is at an end，that people no longer feel its stirrings (n.) and promptings，but only that，no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]但這并不意味著雄心已經窮途末路，人們不再感覺到它對人們的激勵了，只是人們不再公開地以它為榮，更不愿公開地承認了。

    stockpile n．積蓄，庫存；vt．儲蓄，貯存

    Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile (n.) of information．[1995年閱讀]

    [譯文]除了當今的社會變化之外，還有信息量巨大的問題。

    stomp n．跺腳; v．踐踏，跺腳

    A man in a white coat rushes to the head of the line，grabs his food and stomps (v.) over to a table by himself．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]一個身穿白外套的人沖到隊伍的比較前面，抓起他的食物，大踏步地獨自走到一張桌子邊。

    subtitle n．副標題，小標題

    But it is less clear，to take the question of his subtitle (n.)，why we should，like，care．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]但考慮到其副標題所提的問題：為什么我們應該、喜歡或在意?答案還不夠明白。

    suspension n．懸浮，暫停，中止

    He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear … that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension (n.)．”[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]他說，行醫資格理事會“必須明確表明??病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于醫生處理不力造成的，應該因此吊銷其從醫資格”。

    supervision n．監督，管理

    This lack of parental supervision (n.) is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates．[2004年完形]

    [譯文]缺乏父母監督也被認為是影響少年犯罪率的一種因素。

    supercluster n．超星系團

    Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures，but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well，the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters (n.) of galaxies．[1998年翻譯]

    [譯文]Cobe衛星設計的目的就是觀察這些比較大的物體結構，但宇航員還是想看到更為微小的熱區，即像星系中的星團和超星團這樣一些局部物體的粒子。

    supposedly ad．想像上，據推測，大概

    Sir Isaac Newton supposedly (ad．)discovered gravity，through the fall of an apple．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]艾薩克•牛頓爵士通過蘋果落地發現了萬有引力。

    surveillance n．監視，監督

    A boom in neighborhood surveillance (n.) cameras will，for example，cause problems in 2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids．[2001年翻譯]

    [譯文]比如，住宅區附近監視器的猛增在2010年會引發問題；逼真的機器人將意味著人們可能無法區分人類朋友和仿真機器人。

    tangible a．切實的，真實的

    When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires，you have something tangible (a.) tosell．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]當你為自己的能力和欲望仔細地籌劃了一幅藍圖后，你就有確切的東西可以兜售了。

    technicist n．技術員，技師

    Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist (n.) fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. [1999年翻譯]

    [譯文]在自然科學領域，這種現象也很普遍，技術謬誤錯誤地將歷史研究技術實施過程中的某些過程當成了歷史研究的整體。

    telecom (=telecommunication)n．電信

    The mergers of telecom (n.) companies，such as WorldCom，hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]像世界通訊這樣的通訊公司合并似乎沒有給消費者帶來更高的價格，或者降低技術進步的速度。

    template/ templet n．模板，樣板

    There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers，which helps explain why the “standard templates (n.)” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節，這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。

    teller n．(銀行)出納員

    Our banking is done at automated teller (n.) terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]自動柜員機處理著銀行業務，完成業務后，它們還會機械地、有禮貌地感謝我們。

    therapist n．臨床醫學家

    Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist (n.)．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]長期受惡夢困憂的人應該去找專家看看。

    thermostat n．自動調溫器，溫度調節裝置

    Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat (n.)，regulating moods while the brain is“off-line．”[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]現在，研究人員懷疑，夢是大腦調節情感的一部分，當大腦“掉線”時，夢能調控情緒。

    thrilling a．①毛骨悚然的；②顫動的

    Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling (a．①) explanation is，unfortunately，a little defective．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]通貨膨脹為何如此的和緩?可惜的是，這比較令人震驚的解釋有一點缺陷。

    tort n．民事侵權行為

    At the same time，the American Law Institute?a group of judges，lawyers，and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight?issued new guidelines for tort (n.) law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]與此同時，美國法學會??該學會由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師、學者所組成??簽署了新的民事侵害法綱要，宣布公司不必警示顧客那些顯而易見的危險，或者給顧客列出一份冗長的可能造成的危險的清單。

    transcendentalist a．[哲]先驗論者的，超越論者的

    Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist (n.) philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing．”[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]拉爾夫•瓦爾多•愛默生和其他一些先驗主義哲學家認為學校教育和嚴格的書本學習限制了孩子們的天性，“我們被關在中小學和大學的朗誦室里十年或十五年，比較后出來滿肚子墨水，卻啥都不懂。”

    treasury n．財政部，國庫

    There is，as Robert Rubin，the treasury (n.) secretary，says，a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]正如財政部長羅伯特•魯賓所說的，商業界的大量趣聞暗示生產率大幅增長了，但這同官方的統計數字所顯示的情況“不符”。

    trigonometry n．三角學

    Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics，especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry (n.)．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]為什么要提小學教育?正是因為有了這些學校，我們的早期技工才普遍能讀會寫，并精通算術及部分幾何和三角，這種情況在新英格蘭和大西洋中部各州尤為可見。

    trillion num．萬億

    Inflation says that very early on，the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion (num．) fold in much less than a second，propelled by a sort of antigravity．[1998年翻譯]

    [譯文]膨脹學說告訴我們，早在很久以前，宇宙的體積在不到一秒鐘內被一種反引力驅動而發生了無數倍的膨脹。

    triviality n．瑣事

    “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities (n.)，”says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines．[1999年閱讀]

    [譯文]康奈爾大學法學院一位參與起草新綱要的教授說，“重要的信息會淹沒在細枝末節的汪洋之中”。

    trucking n．①貨車運輸；②貨車運輸業

    But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances，such as coal，chemicals，and grain，trucking (n．①) is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]但許多客戶卻抱怨說，對于依賴長途運輸的大宗商品來說，如煤炭、化學制品和糧食，由于公路運輸花費太大，這樣鐵路公司就會主宰他們。

    underfund vt．對…提供資金不足

    As a nation，we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding (vt.) research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]作為一個民族，我們可能在尋求不可能奏效的治療方法上花錢太多，而在研究能提高人們生活質量的更平常的方法上花錢太少。

    underprivileged a．窮困的，下層社會的

    For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged (a.) youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances．[1995年翻譯]

    [譯文]例如，測試并不彌補明顯的社會不公，因此，它們說明不了一個物質條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環境下成長的話，會有多大的才干。

    underrate vt．低估，看輕

    The human nose is all underrated (vt.) tool．[2005年完形]

    [譯文]人們低估了鼻子的嗅覺作用。

    understatement n．保守的陳述，掩飾

    Search for exaggeration and understatements (n.)．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]留意夸張和打折扣的話。

    undervalue v．低估

    We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of______．

    [A]undervaluing (v.) intellect[2004年閱讀]

    [譯文]根據本文，我們可以了解到：美國人有______的歷史。

    [A]輕視才智

    unenlightened a．無知的，不文明的，落后的

    The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened (a.) citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]所有這些書的目的是試圖告訴那些迷惑而且常常是還不開通的人：就宇宙和生命的起源與發展問題而言，不可能存在兩種都成立的科學理論。

    universalize vt．使一般化，使普遍化

    As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized，it is in the interest of business to universalize (vt.) access-after all，the more people online，the mole potential customers there are．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]隨著互聯網的日趨商業化，網絡普及對商家是有利的一畢竟，上網人數越多，潛在的客戶就越多。

    unparalleled a．無與倫比的，空前的

    When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War，it had a market eight times larger than any competitor．giving its industries unparalleled(a.) economies of scale．[2000年閱讀]

    [譯文]二戰結束后，美國恰好進入了這樣的一個輝煌時期，當時，它擁有比任何競爭者大8倍的市場，這使其工業經濟具有無與倫比的規模經濟。

    upsetting a．令人心煩意亂的，令人苦惱的

    As soon as you awaken，identify what is upsetting(a.) about the dream．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]當你一覺醒來，首先弄清楚夢中是什么使你不安。

    unsustainable a．不能成立的，不能支持的

    Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable (a.)．Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]任何人都明白這個趨勢不能維持下去，但是很少有人愿意扭轉它。

    upend v．顛倒，倒放

    Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended (v.) the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]一些經濟學家認為，世界經濟結構強有力的變化已經推翻了那個以經濟增長和通貨膨脹的歷史上相互關聯為基礎的舊的經濟模式。

    upscale a．高消費的

    Replies show that compared with other Americans，journalists are more likely to live in upscale (a.) neighborhoods，have maids，own Mercedeses，and trade stocks，and they’re less likely to go to church，do volunteer work，or put down roots in a community．[2001年閱讀]

    [譯文]結果表明，與其他美國人相比，新聞記者更有可能居住在富人區，有女傭、有奔馳車、炒股，而他們去教堂、參加志愿服務、扎根社區的可能性卻很小。

    utility n．①功用，效用 vt．(有效)利用，使用[生] n．②公用事業

    But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility(n.)，they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves??goals that pose a real challenge．[2002年閱讀]

    [譯文]但是如果機器人要進一步實現勞動力節省，他們必須能夠在更大程度上減少人的監控，并且至少能夠獨立地做一些決定，這些是具有真正挑戰性的目標。

    vaccination n．種痘，接種疫苗

    We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement，a father’s bypass operation，a baby’s vaccinations (n.)，and even a pet's shots．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]我們需要說明動物實驗與祖母的髖骨更換、父親的心臟搭橋、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的注射針劑都密切相關。

    vaccine a．疫苗的，牛痘的；n．疫苗

    To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments，as well as new treatments and vaccines (n.)，animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]許多人不明白獲得這些新的治療方法和疫苗都必須進行動物實驗。對于他們來說，動物實驗說得好是浪費，說得不好是殘忍。

    validate vt．批準，證實

    How well the predictions will be validated (vt.) by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted．[1995年翻譯]

    [譯文]這些預測在多大程度上被后來的表現所證實，這取決于所采用信息的數量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

    vice versa ad．反之亦然

    Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (ad.) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force．[1994年翻譯]

    [譯文]政府究竟是以犧牲對技術的經費投入來增加對純理論科學的經費投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅動的力量。

    visualize v．想像，顯現

    Visualize (vt.) how you would like it to end instead；the next time it occurs，try to wake up just enough to control its course．[2005年閱讀]

    [譯文]想像你想讓它(這種夢)如何結束，下一次再發生時，設法醒來以控制夢的進程。

    ware n．貨物，商品

    While talking to you，your could-be employer is deciding whether your education，your experience，and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares (n.)”and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner．[1996年閱讀]

    [譯文]在與你談話時，你未來的雇主將根據你的教育、你的經驗和你其他的資歷來確定雇用你是否值得，因此你必須把你的“品質”和“能力”以有序而合理連貫的方式陳列出來。

    whereby ad．憑什么，由此

    Straitford’s briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing，whereby (ad.) agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong．[2003年閱讀]

    [譯文]Straitford公司的簡報聽上去不像華盛頓當局常常提供的躲閃的言辭，政府機構往往避免發表引人注目的言論，因為這些言論可能出錯。

    windscreen n．風檔玻璃

    Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen (n.)，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年閱讀]

    [譯文]因此，才會有人將貨幣政策的指導作用比做是駕駛一輛帶有黑色擋風玻璃、破碎的后視鏡及方向盤失靈的汽車。

    worldview n．世界觀

    Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts．creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview (n.)．[1998年閱讀]

    [譯文]而薩根則更關注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物論和其他與科學世界觀相左的人。

    workmate n．同事，工作伙伴

    Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips，computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates (n.) rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell television，and digital age will have arrived．[2001年翻譯]

    [譯文]兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機前休閑，屆時數字化時代就來到了。