2010年考研英語基礎知識之語法輔導二

    1．非謂語動詞常考的其它結構 
　　(1)疑問詞+不定式結構 
　　疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如： 
　　When to start has not been decided．何時動身尚未決定。(主語) 
　　I don’t know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語) 
　　The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(表語) 
　　I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語) 
　　(注)A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如： 
　　I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 
　　B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞(如：how, what)+不定式： 
　　While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. 
　　(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時跟不定式結構(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。 
　　When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet. 
　　(3)不帶to的不定式 
　　1)在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： 
　　feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 
　　watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 
　　notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽 
　　On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 
　　2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如： 
　　Let him do it.讓他做吧。 
　　I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。 
　　(注)： 
　　①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： 
　　He was seen to come． 
　　The boy was made to go to bed early. 
　　②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: 
　　He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他發現羊在此季節越出柵欄，感到驚訝。 
　　3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結構中。例如： 
　　Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。 
　　但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。 
　　The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。 
　　There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。 
　　(4)不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構 
　　1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如： 
　　I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發現他—個人干這活是不可能的。 
　　(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如： 
　　It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。 
　　2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞’s+動名詞。例如： 
　　Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去。 
　　He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。 
　　3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 
　　It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。 
　　間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。 
　　It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。 
　　2．非謂語動詞中的有關句型 
　　(1)動名詞作主語的句型 
　　1)Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。 
　　2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth. 
　　It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。 
　　It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。 
　　It is a waste of time trying to explain．設法解釋是浪費時間。 
　　3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． 
　　It is useless speaking.光說沒用。 
　　It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。 
　　It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。 
　　It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費。 
　　4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”) 
　　There is no telling what he is going to do．說出他要干什么是不可能的。 
　　There is no saying what may happen.說出將要發生什么是不可能的。 
　　5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒用(不好/意義/重要性) 
　　There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無用。 
　　6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing 
　　have作有解時，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 
　　例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執行計劃有困難。 
　　7)feel like + 名詞 感覺像動名詞 “ 想要” =would like to +原形動詞 
　　I feel like a newborn baby．我感覺像一個新生的嬰兒。 
　　Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎? 
　　I don’t feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想讀書。 
　　8) spend/waste time doing sth. 
　　They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他們花了許多時間作準備。 
　　9)在require后只能用動名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動的意思也要用動名詞的主動形式。 
　　This problem requires studying with great care．這個問題需要仔細研究。 
　　10)cannot help doing sth.忍不住(做什么) 
　　I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser. 
　　(2)有關分詞句型 
　　1)在表示感覺和心里狀態的動詞see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch這類表示感覺的動詞之后常跟“賓語+現在分詞”的復合結構，這種動詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或專有名詞(人各等)，也可以是代詞賓格(him，us等)。例如： 
　　She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來了。 
　　I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他們排演戲。 
　　I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感覺到風在我臉上吹過。 
　　2)表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的結構，有時也可跟過去分詞結構。例如： 
　　I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。 
　　If she catches me reading her diary，she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的。 
　　We found him waiting to receive us．我們發現他正等著接待我們。 
　　3)go +現在分詞表示“從事…”之意，這時現在分詞做主語補語。go之后所接現在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動。如：jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping 購物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營。 
　　I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露營。 
　　I’ll go shopping．我去商店。 
　　Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰嗎? 
　　4)be busy + v-ing(現在分詞)忙著做… 
　　I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙著寫論文。 
　　His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批閱考卷。 
　　或者be busy with + n.忙著做某事。 
　　He is busy with his work．他忙著工作。 
　　5)What do you say to + ing分詞?(……怎么樣?) 
　　What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我們一起進餐，你看怎么樣? 
　　(3)有關動詞不定式句型 
　　下面這些詞組是不定式的習慣用法，只能用不定式形式。 
　　can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do 
　　When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 
　　(4)there be的非謂語形式 
　　there be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語。(其中作賓語和狀語在1991年和1994年測試過，定語見1996年題10。) 
　　The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作賓語如1991年題30) 
　　1)作動詞賓語時，通常用there to be結構，而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如： 
　　We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我們不希望有任何同志掉隊。 
　　They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長隊。 
　　We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我們并不反對在這里開會。 
　　It isn’t enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely．(作狀語) 
　　2)作狀語多用there being結構，但若置于介詞之后，for用there to be整個介詞短語作程度狀語，其它多半用there being。 
　　There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近沒有人，我只得獨自干了。(原因狀語) 
　　It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，還不會有人起床。(作程度狀語) 
　　There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因為好長時間沒下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語) 
　　3)作主語時兩種結構都可以，但如是用for引導則要用there to be。 
　　It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。 
　　There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼兒園在校園內對女教師十分方便。 
　　4)作定語。 There be結構作定語時，定語從句中謂語為there be，there之前的關系代詞常常省略。如： 
　　This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．這是到南京的比較快一班車。 
　　I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量為人民多做些事。