高二英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理:英語(yǔ)泛指與特指的轉(zhuǎn)換與活用
許多國(guó)家在基礎(chǔ)教育發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中,都把英語(yǔ)教育作為公民素質(zhì)教育的重要組成部分,并將其擺在突出的地位。育路小編準(zhǔn)備了高二英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理,希望你喜歡。
泛指和特指是每年高考必考的一組概念,在英語(yǔ)中廣泛使用。“泛指”是指普遍、不確定的人或事物,而“特指”則是指具體、特定的人或事物。在實(shí)踐中,這兩個(gè)概念是可以靈活運(yùn)用且相互轉(zhuǎn)換的。下面分幾個(gè)方面談?wù)劊?/p>
一、“泛指”與“特指”的多種表達(dá)
說(shuō)起“泛指”,我們馬上想起不定冠詞(a/an),其實(shí)不帶冠詞的不可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞都可以表“泛指”, 有些表“不定”概念的限定詞(another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 )也可以充當(dāng)這個(gè)作用。例如:
I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us.
I will stay there for a few days/another few days.
“特指”經(jīng)常由定冠詞(the)或表“特定”概念的限定詞(物主代詞,指示代詞,名詞所有格等)來(lái)充當(dāng)。假如將“中國(guó)的第二大河流”說(shuō)成 “China’s the second longest river” 是不妥當(dāng)?shù)模?因?yàn)镃hina’s 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重復(fù)的。“那個(gè)門破了的教室”既可以譯成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以說(shuō)成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”,因?yàn)?“door” 前應(yīng)該有個(gè)表“特指”的限定詞。同樣,“with one’s help/ take one’s place” 可能在另一場(chǎng)合會(huì)變成“with the help of/ take the place of”。
在表達(dá)“倍數(shù)”時(shí),我們常常看到這樣一個(gè)公式:“倍數(shù) + the + 名詞(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改為“倍數(shù) + 表特指的名詞/代詞”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了:
① The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (that=the size)
、 I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定語(yǔ)從句)
、 You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.(their weight=the weight of rats)
二、“泛指”與“特指”的轉(zhuǎn)化
“泛指”與“特指”在不同的語(yǔ)境中并非一成不變,它們是可以轉(zhuǎn)換的。
(一)“泛指”轉(zhuǎn)化為“特指”
1.① I spent many happy hours with them.
、 This picture reminds me of the many happy hours I spent with them.
2.① I bought a few books in the bookstore.
、 The few books I bought in the bookstore are written in English .
3. ① I don’t feel like drinking water.
、 I don’t feel like drinking the water from this well.
4.① Cotton played an important part in Industrial Revolution.
② The most important thing about cotton in history is the important part that it played in Industrial Revolution.
5.① I have done a little to help you.
、 I hope the little that I’ve been able to do has been of some use to you.
以上的②句中的劃線部分都是由于有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)限定而轉(zhuǎn)化為“特指”。
另外,在一些限定詞的后面只能接泛指的名詞,如:a lot of, plenty of, dozens of, hundreds of等。然而,有些卻可以增加一個(gè) “of”,便只能后接特指的成分:
后接表“泛指”的名詞 后接表“特指”的名詞/代詞
some (students) some of (the students) a good many (people) a good many of (the people)
most most of (us) a dozen a dozen of (these apples) five hundred five hundred of (them)
(二)“特指”轉(zhuǎn)化為“泛指”
1.When the spaceship traveled above, a new-looking earth appeared before us, an earth that we had never seen before. 當(dāng)宇宙飛船在上空運(yùn)行時(shí),一個(gè)全新的地球出現(xiàn)在我們面前,以往我們都不曾看過(guò)。
2.It is a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen.(2004福建卷)
3.It’s really fun to walk alone with a full moon hanging in the sky.
4.Having been overseas for half a century, he returned and found himself in a brand-new China.
本來(lái)“the earth/ the world/ the moon/ China”都是特指的,但是,如果增加一些修飾成分之后,指不同時(shí)期、不同角度看到的或不同形狀的“地球、世界、月亮、中國(guó)”的話,它們就轉(zhuǎn)化為泛指了。
5.I knew a John Lennon, but not the famous one. (2005高考山東卷)
John Lennon是一個(gè)著名歌手,當(dāng)然是特指。句中的a John Lennon= another person whose name happened to be John Lennon, 是泛指。
6.① He, who led the USA through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D.C.
、 He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。
第一個(gè)He=Abraham Lincoln,是特指,要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;第二個(gè)He= anyone,是泛指;。
7.①—What new subjects are you going to have in the second grade?(特指)
—I’m going to learn a second foreign language.(表“又一”,泛指。)
② No one can have a higher IQ (=an IQ which is even higher) than the taller of the twin brothers.
、 The most diligent student in our class have a most(=very)interesting book.
一般情況下,在比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞中用 “a/an”表“泛指”,用 “the”表“特指”。
高二英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理就為大家介紹到這里,希望對(duì)你有所幫助。
(責(zé)任編輯:彭海芝)
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