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成人高考高起點英語語法歸納與練習(二十)

2008-02-01 11:41:18 來源:

    lesson 20 ——ed分詞(二)

    不定式、-ING分詞和-ED分詞三者間的關系

    一、動詞不定式與-ING分詞的區別

    1. 作賓語時,-ING分詞表示抽象的、一般性或習慣性的和連續性的動作,而不定式則表示某次具體動作,特別是將來的動作

    I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.

    1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.

    [A] cheating [B] to cheat [C] be cheated [D] being cheated

    2) News of success keeps in.

    [A] pouring [B] to pour [C] poured [D] to be pouring

    3) Long [A] before the dawn [B] of recorded [C] history, humans celebrated to harvest [D] their crops.

    2. 作定語時,-ING表示正在進行的動作,用-ING的完成時表示動作的完成;不定式表示未來發生

    4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.

    [A] having launched [B] to have launched [C] to launch [D] launched

    5) The applicants interviewing [A] are required to [B] bring all the necessary papers [C] two days later [D] .

    6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves [A] occasionally contain [B] enough hydrocyanic acid killing [C] livestock(牲畜) [D] .

    3. 當謂語動詞是進行時的時候,用不定式而不用-ING分詞作賓語

    It's beginning to snow you.  It starts raining.

    I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do)。 I considered emplying Mr.Wang but

    decided that Mr.Chen was more suited

    to the job.

    4. 在remember,forget等詞后,如果跟-ING分詞,表示-ING分詞的動作發生在主要謂語之前;如果跟不定式則表示不定式的動作發生在主要謂語動作之后

    I remember telling her that last night. (“告

    訴“發生在”記得“之前) He remembered to tell her that when she

    came back. (“記得”發生在“告訴”之前)

    I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主

    語動詞表示的動作“忘記”發生在不定式表

    示的動作“給帶口信”之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot

    giving the message last night. (-ING分詞

    表示的動作“給帶口信”發生在謂語動詞表

    示的動作“忘記”之前)

    5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接動詞不定式和-ING分詞所表達的意義有所不同

    They stopped (talking) to work. [停下(其他動作)來工作]

    They stopped working. [停下工作(來干其他動作)]

    Workers went on discussing the problem. [工人繼續討論這一問題]

    Workers went on to discuss the problem.[工人們停下來其他事,繼續討論這一問題]

    He left off writing.[他停下寫作(去干其他事)]

    He left off to write.[他停下(其他事)來寫作]

    6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分詞,后跟不定式有兩種情況:一種是used to是固定用法表示“過去經常干……”;另外一種情況是use的被動詞態“be used”后跟不定式;后跟-ING分詞的情況有一種,那就是當used to中的used是形容詞時,to后跟名詞或-ING分詞

    7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.

    [A] has worked [B] had worked [C] had been worked [D] used to work

    8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.

    [A] get used to[B] get to[C] get over[D] get on with

    9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging [A] in the crisp morning [B] air during [C] the winter months [D] , but now he has stopped.

    7. 一般情況下,for后邊跟接there to be,而of后邊則跟接there being

    10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.

    [A] to be [B] being [C] to have been [D] having been

    8. be+形容詞后面要跟動詞不定式作狀語,而不用-ING

    It is very difficult to manage the company.

    二、-ING分詞與-ED分詞的區別

    雖然在語法功能上,-ED分詞在句子中所能承擔的成分基本與-ING分詞相同,但在意義上兩者有差別:-ING分詞表示主動的意義,而-ED分詞則表示被動的意義;-ING分詞表示一般性的或正在進行的動作,而-ED分詞則表示已經完成和被動的動作。在表現形式上,-ING分詞有“一般式”和“完成式”與“主動式”和“被動式”之分;而-ED分詞只有一種形式。下邊我們分析-ING分詞與-ED分詞在語法功用上的區別。

    1. 作表語時,-ING分詞表示主語所具有的特征而-ED分詞表示主語所處的狀態

    The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.

    The play is more exciting than any I have

    ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.

    2. 作狀語時-ING分詞表示主語正在進行的另一動作而-ED分詞則表示主語發生動作的背景或情況 11) In his movies,W. C. Fields was always at war with the world, .

    [A] battling both people and objects

    [B] both people and objects were battled

    [C] he was battling both people and objects

    [D] both people and objects that were battled

    13) Having been served lunch, .

    [A] the problem was discussed by the members of the committee

    [B] the committee members discussed the problem

    [C] it was discussed by the committee members the problem

    [D] a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee

    12) for her anthropological research,Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.

    [A] She is noted primarily

    [B] Noted primarily

    [C] Primarily is noted

    [D] She primarily noted

    14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today, .

    [A] a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez

    [B] Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays

    [C] a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written

    [D] there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez

    3. ①作定語時,-ING分詞表示正在進行的動作,而-ED分詞表示動作發生在謂語動詞之前;②-ING分詞表示它所修飾的詞經常或當時的狀態,而-ED分詞則沒有時間性;③-ING分詞表示主動,而-ED分詞表示被動

    15) The boiled [A] point of any liquid [B] is determined [C] by the pressure [D] of the surrounding gases.

    16) High-grade [A] written [B] paper is frequently [C] obtained [D] from cotton rags.

    17) Scientists [A] still cannot find [B] any convinced [C] link between intelligence [D] and the quantity or quality of brain cells.

    4. 但少數幾個動詞的-ED分詞,有兩種形式而且在意義上有差別,如:bear的-ED分詞有born和borne之分,前者只用于“出生”的意義,而后者用于“負擔”,“負荷”,“承擔”和“傳送”之意

    I was born in 1966.

    His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.

    再如:hang的-ED分詞也有兩種,一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示“懸掛”,后者表示“吊死,絞死”。strike的-ED分詞也有兩種:struck和striken, 前者有“打擊”“沖擊”“感動”等義,而striken只用作形容詞,表示“受折磨”之意。

    來自及物動詞的-ED分詞所表示的是被動意義;來自不及物動詞的-ED分詞則可表示主動和完成的意義:fallen leaves (落葉),a full-blown rose (盛開的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.

    三、例題解析

    1) A為正確答案。(一般性的動作。)     2) A為正確答案。(連續的動作。)

    3) D錯。 改為harvesting(抽象的動作)。     4) A為正確答案。(已完成的動作。)

    5) C錯。 改為to be interviewed(將要發生的動作)。    6) C錯。改為to kill(不定或未來動作)。

    7) D為正確答案。(過去經常或總是干……)    8) A為正確答案。(習慣于……used是形容詞)

    9) A錯。改為jog.(表示過去經常或總是干……)   10) A為正確答案。   11) A為正確答案。

    12) B為正確答案。本句是由-ED分詞“noted”引導的-ED結構,在句中說明主句謂語的背景。

    13) B為正確答案。    14) B為正確答案。-ED分詞“considered”的邏輯主語應為人,除B外的其他選項都無法和空白前-ED結構在邏輯主語上一致。

    15) A錯。改為boiling.-ED分詞含有完成和被動的意思,-ING分詞則表示主動、進行,也可用作前置定語表示性狀、用途。如:“boiling water(water which is boiling.)”意思是“開水”,意即“正在開著的水”,而“boiled water(water which has been boiled.)”雖也可譯為“開水”,但表示“已開過了的水(現在可能涼了)。”本句A處應改為boiling,“boiling point”意思是“沸點”。

    16) B錯。改用“writing”,“writing paper”意為“寫字的紙,信紙”,-ING分詞“writing”表用途。與此類似的還有“swimming pool”(游泳池) ,“sleeping car”(臥鋪) .“written”含有完成和被動意味,不合上下文。

    17) C錯。改為“convincing”。“令人信服的聯系”應為“convincing link”,“convincing”含有主動的意味,即“聯系”(link)本身具有這種性質,而“convinced”則含有完成或被動的含義, 修飾有生命的名詞 .試比較:a surprising man (使人驚訝的人) ,a surprised man (被驚嚇了的人) .

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