成人本科學(xué)位英語(yǔ)考試答題的四個(gè)技巧

（一）閱讀技巧

根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的，可以采用不同的閱讀方法，或稱閱讀技巧。一般來說，閱讀方法有略讀、尋讀和細(xì)讀三種。

（1）略讀（Skimming）

“略讀”又稱“瀏覽”，是指跳過細(xì)節(jié)，跳過不重要的描述與例子，進(jìn)行快速閱讀以求抓住文章的大意和主題思想的方法。

閱讀時(shí)速度要快，一般來說，250字左右的短文應(yīng)在二、三分鐘之內(nèi)看完。略讀時(shí)精力必須十分集中，不要去記憶細(xì)節(jié)，遇到個(gè)別生詞或難懂的詞句均可略過，以求對(duì)全文總體意思的了解。為了更好地抓住全文的中心思想，略讀時(shí)要特別注意文章的起始段和結(jié)束段以及文章中每一段的段首句和結(jié)尾句，因?yàn)樗鼈兺�往是�?duì)文章內(nèi)容最好的概括。

（2）尋讀（Scanning）

尋讀是快速尋找某一特殊信息的閱讀方法。它的目的非常明確，即找到所需要的信息。日常生活中我們對(duì)這一方法并不陌生。例如從人群中找出你認(rèn)識(shí)的朋友，從貨架上找出你想購(gòu)買的商品，在書架上尋找一本你要找的書，從一本指南中找出某個(gè)單位的地址等，都是利用這種方法。在尋讀時(shí)，目光要自上而下，一目數(shù)行地尋視與答題相關(guān)的詞句，與此無關(guān)的內(nèi)容要很快掠過。當(dāng)回答who，when，where等有關(guān)文章細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，我們用這種方法很快就能找到答案。

（3）細(xì)讀（Reading for full understanding）

細(xì)讀是在找到文章中的有關(guān)部分以后，在此范圍內(nèi)逐句閱讀，特別要對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞、句仔細(xì)琢磨，以便對(duì)其有比較深刻、準(zhǔn)確的理解。不僅要理解其字面意思，還要通過推理和判斷，弄清文章中字里行間所隱含的意思。在細(xì)讀的過程中，對(duì)沒有學(xué)過的生詞，可根據(jù)上下文的背景知識(shí)來推測(cè)其詞義；對(duì)難以看懂的長(zhǎng)句，可借助語(yǔ)法手段，對(duì)其加以分析，以達(dá)到正確理解的目的。

總之，在閱讀一篇文章的過程中，我們應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的要求，采用不同的閱讀方法，對(duì)有些閱讀理解問題知其大意即可，另一些需要尋讀，而少數(shù)則需要細(xì)心推敲。在三級(jí)統(tǒng)考中我們應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用以上三種閱讀方法，即用“略讀”法瀏覽全文，以求抓住文章的大意和主題思想。在此基礎(chǔ)上根據(jù)問題的要求，采用尋讀或細(xì)讀的方法來解答問題。

（二）解題類型及應(yīng)試技巧

（1） 主題思想常見提問方式及答題技巧

主題思想題在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高，因?yàn)檫@類題可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能夠抓住文章的主要信息又是閱讀能力的一個(gè)極為重要的方面。

這類題在設(shè)題時(shí)常會(huì)用到title， subject， main idea ，topic，theme等詞。常見的提問形式有以下幾種：

What is the main idea of the passage？

Which of the following would be the best title？

What‘s the best title for the passage？

The main idea of the passage is that _____.

This passage tells us _____.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main ideaofthe passage？

What does the passage mainly discuss？

做這類題時(shí)常用略讀法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去過分注意細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，否則會(huì)造成“只見樹木，不見森林”的結(jié)果。通常的辦法是，快速閱讀文章時(shí)注意找出各段主題句。英文文章各段主題句常放在段首，有時(shí)也放在段尾或段落中間，有時(shí)不明確寫出，通讀文章后把各段主題句聯(lián)系起來，一般就能得出文章主題。

就整篇文章來講，首段和尾段一般對(duì)于解這類題更為重要。我們以97年統(tǒng)考試卷中閱讀理解部分的第一篇文章為例：

How often one hears children wishing they were grown up， andoldpeople wishing they were young again. Each age has itspleasuresand its pains， and the happiest person is the one whoenjoys whateach age gives him without wasting his time in uselessregrets.

Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities tomakelife difficult. If a child has good parents， he is fed，lookedafter and loved ，whatever he may do .It is impossible that hewillever again in his life be given so much without having todoanything in return .In addition ，life is always presentingnewthings to the child——things that have lost their interest forolderpeople because they are too well-know. But a child has hispains：he is not so free to do what he wishes to do； he iscontinuallybeing told not to do things， or being punished for whathe has donewrong.

When the young man starts to earn his own living， he can nolongerexpect others to pay for his food， his clothes， and hisroom， buthas to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spendsmost ofhis time playing about in the way that he used to as achild， hewill go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society ashe used tobreak the laws of his parents， he may go to prison. Ifhowever， heworks hard， keeps out of trouble and has good health，he can havethe great happiness of building up for himself his ownposition insociety.

文章后面第四個(gè)問題是：

The main idea of the passage is that _____.

A. life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains

B. young men can have the greatest happiness if they workhard

C. childhood is the most enjoyable time in one‘s life

D. one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age inhislife

文章的第一段講的是人們常聽說孩子們盼著長(zhǎng)大成人，老年人則希望返老還童。人生的每個(gè)階段總是歡樂伴著苦惱，而最幸福的人則是那些既享受人生每一階段所帶來的歡樂，又沒有因虛度年華而終生后悔的人。第二段講述了一個(gè)人兒童時(shí)代的歡樂與苦惱，第三段則告訴讀者青年人的責(zé)任與義務(wù)，機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。從以上三段文字來看，第一段中第二句即是主題句，所以我們應(yīng)選D為正確答案。

（2） 主要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)題設(shè)題思路及答題技巧

主要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)題就是我們平時(shí)所說的由who ，what ，where ，when ，why，which，how引出的問題。這是極為常見的閱讀理解題。這類題主要是針對(duì)論證支持主題的事實(shí)或例證設(shè)題，可能涉及數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算、概念理解以及是非判斷等。

這類題的方法一般是先用尋讀法找出與問題相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行細(xì)讀，找出問題答案。

這類題提問的形式多種多樣，常見的有以下幾種：

Which of the following （statements） is Not mentioned inthepassage？

According to the passage，which of the following statementsistrue？

According to the passage， all of the following are trueexcept_____

How many…？

What…？

Why…？

解這類題時(shí)，審題是關(guān)鍵，首先一定得看清問題。比如一句結(jié)論性的話后邊到底是…is true，還是isnottrue.另外，由于細(xì)節(jié)題比較容易，有時(shí)為了增加測(cè)試難度，命題人員在題干或選項(xiàng)中要增加一些文字或意義上的干擾。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一樣的現(xiàn)成答案。

我們引用2002年試題為例。

On Novr 19， 1863， Abraham Lincoln went to GettysburginPennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. TheCivilWar was still going on. There was much criticism ofPresidentLincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He hadbeen invitedto speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. Theprincipalspeaker was to be Edward Everett， a famous statesman andspeaker ofthe day. Everett was a handsome man and verypopulareverywhere.

It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the trainwhilegoing to Gettysburg. Late that night， alone in his hotel roomandtired out， he again worked briefly on the speech. The nextdayEverett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.Hisspeech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.ThenLincoln rose. The crowd of 15，000 people at first paidlittleattention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the endtherewas little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked ，Ihave failed again. On the train back to Washington， he saidsadly，That speech was a flat failure， and the peoplearedisappointed.

Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But littlebylittle as people read the speech they began to understandbetter.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deepmeaning. Itwas a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could havemade.

Today， every American school child learns LincolnsGettysburgAddress by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of thegreatestspeeches ever given in American history.

文章的最后一題是：

Which of the following statements is NOT true according tothepassage？

A. Lincolns Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.

B. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is simple in style.

C. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is memorized by everyAmericanschoolchild.

D. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is the greatest speecheverdelivered in the United States.

答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到。“他的演講含義深刻、風(fēng)格簡(jiǎn)樸；如今美國(guó)所有的在校的學(xué)生都能背誦他的演講”；文章中他談到：“現(xiàn)在所有的人都認(rèn)為他的演講是美國(guó)歷史上最好的演講之一。”而不是美國(guó)最好的演講。所以D是錯(cuò)誤的。

推理性試題大多含有infer ，imply，suggest，conclude，（most）probably等關(guān)鍵詞。以下是一些常見的提問方式：

It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

The passage implies that _____.

The passage suggests that _____.

What is implied in the passage？

The graph following （proceeding） this passage probablywilldiscuss （discusses）_____.

推理性試題不能從文章中直接找到答案。

解這類題需要考生在正確理解原文語(yǔ)言字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用邏輯推理的方法去理解文章字里行間的意義。對(duì)原文中找到的所有相關(guān)信息要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析，摸清它們相互之間時(shí)間、方位、因果、對(duì)比等邏輯關(guān)系，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行綜合推理，選定答案。

我們?nèi)砸?002年試題中的閱讀理解文章為例。

On Novr 19， 1863， Abraham Lincoln went to GettysburginPennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. TheCivilWar was still going on. There was much criticism ofPresidentLincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He hadbeen invitedto speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. Theprincipalspeaker was to be Edward Everett， a famous statesman andspeaker ofthe day. Everett was a handsome man and verypopulareverywhere.

It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the trainwhilegoing to Gettysburg. Late that night alone in his hotel roomandtired out， he again worked briefly on the speech. The nextdayEverett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.Hisspeech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.ThenLincoln rose. The crowd of 15，000 people at first paidlittleattention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the endtherewas little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked ，Ihave failed again. On the train back to Washington， he saidsadly，That speech was a flat failure， and the peoplearedisappointed.

Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But littlebylittle as people read the speech they began to understandbetter.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deepmeaning. Itwas a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could havemade.

Today， every American school child learns LincolnsGettysburgAddress by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of thegreatestspeeches ever given in American history.

文章后面的第五題就是一個(gè)推理性試題。

It can be inferred from the text that _____.

A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he wenttoGettysburg

B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didnt have much timetoprepare his speech

C. Lincolns speech was full of rich words

D. Lincolns speech was very long

文章的第二段有這樣的話：“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech onthetrain while going to Gettysburg. Late that night， alone inhishotel room and tired out， he again worked briefly onthespeech.”“據(jù)說林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火車上準(zhǔn)備他的演講的。那天深夜，在賓館的房間里，他既孤獨(dú)又疲倦，只是又簡(jiǎn)單準(zhǔn)備了一下。”所以通過這些句子我們可以判斷林肯非常的忙，沒有更多的時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備他的演講，B是正確答案。A，C，D，均不符合文章的內(nèi)容。

作者的語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度往往不會(huì)直接寫在文章里，只能通過細(xì)讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會(huì)出來。這種題型常見的提問形式有：

The author seems _____.

The author‘s tone in this passage is _____.

The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.

The author‘s intention in writing the passage is to _____.

The writer probably feels that _____.

In the author‘s opinion， _____.

這類考題中，詢問語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度的題，選擇項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)以下一些重要的詞：sympathetic同情的；critical批評(píng)的；doubtful懷疑的；tive客觀的；enthusiastic熱情的，matter-of-fact實(shí)事求是的；hostile敵對(duì)的；satisfied滿意的；friendly友好的；indifferent冷淡的；subjective主觀的；optimistic樂觀的；pessimistic悲觀的；disappointed失望的；neutral中立的。

詢問寫作目的的題，選擇項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：

explain解釋；persuade勸說；comment評(píng)論；

criticize批評(píng)；interest引起……的注意或興趣；

entertain使歡樂；argue辯論；demonstrate舉例說明，示范；

tell講述；prove 證明；urge激動(dòng)；advise勸告；analyze分析；

praise贊揚(yáng)，view看待，等等。

例：

One bcenter spot in the U.S. economy in 1979 was thesurprisingdecline in gasoline use. Rising fuel costs are finallyproddingAmericans to cut back on consumption， and the need for thisbecomesmore acute all the time.

有關(guān)作者態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的問題是：

How does the author view the decline in gas consumption？

A. He is indifferent.B. He thinks it is a good sign.

C. He doesn‘t see the need for it.D. He is unhappy about it.

作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述為“one bcenter spot in theU.Seconomy”，可見答案應(yīng)該是B.

除了要掌握基本的閱讀方法和前面講到的應(yīng)試技巧以外，要想在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，既能準(zhǔn)確又能快速地回答好所有問題，考生還應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1、考生應(yīng)針對(duì)文章的不同題材和題型，選擇不同的閱讀方法。有時(shí)需要先瀏覽文章，后看題目；有時(shí)則不然。但通常情況下，應(yīng)首先確定文章的主旨或主題，然后再審讀問題。在絕大多數(shù)情況下我們的答題步驟應(yīng)該是（1）預(yù)先快速瀏覽題干和每段首句，確定哪些是重點(diǎn)和相關(guān)因素，知道所設(shè)問題的類型，做到心中有數(shù)。（2）快速閱讀文章，了解文章大意和重點(diǎn)，盡快掃描，讀到與剛才所記住的與題干有關(guān)的內(nèi)容，先用鉛筆做些記號(hào)，快速在答案中選出一個(gè)臨時(shí)答案，然后繼續(xù)閱讀。（3）用最快速度重讀問題，找出心中已經(jīng)有把握的答案位置。再閱讀一遍該段有關(guān)材料，盡快答完有把握的問題。對(duì)那些尚未作答的題目，再用上述方法一口氣重讀一遍文章，這次應(yīng)找出更微妙的線索，集中精力解決難題。

2、一般來說，除了主旨及推論型題目以外，題目順序與文章的發(fā)展情節(jié)是一致的，因此應(yīng)按題目順序解題。

3、文章較難時(shí)，不必緊張，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)科的測(cè)試規(guī)律，如果文章難則問題比較簡(jiǎn)單。只要能很好地應(yīng)用閱讀技巧，就不難找到正確答案。另外，文章偏長(zhǎng)也不一定就難，因?yàn)樵谳^長(zhǎng)的篇幅中，其詞匯，句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度要相對(duì)容易些。

4、閱讀過程中，可以在文章或問題旁空白處做些記號(hào)，也可以對(duì)一些與答題有關(guān)的詞句劃線。還可以標(biāo)出一些關(guān)鍵詞，尤其是文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)及一些有關(guān)事實(shí)，以避免遺忘或回顧時(shí)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

5、回答問題時(shí)不能按照個(gè)人的主觀臆斷，回答問題的根據(jù)應(yīng)該建立在閱讀文章的基礎(chǔ)上。